Samenvatting
Summary Pauwels Ba2 Engels Taalkunde
- Instelling
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven)
Summary of 8 pages for the course Engels Taalkunde 2 at KU Leuven
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 8 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 8 pagina's
In winkelwagen1 beoordeling
Door: Booksa • 6 jaar geleden
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
The Simple SentenceA) Argument structure (! Necessity of parts) TRANSITIVE = actual action or movement, influence
INTRANSITIVE (= not passiviziable) - Two-place verb
- One-place verb = 1 entity (mostly process S & DO (+)
verb) (+) S & PO (+)
Empty Subject (dummy entity = 0 particants) - Three-place verb = Di-transitive
real subject S, IO, DO
- Two-place verb S, DO, PC (prep. Complement) (+)
Subject + SC ( most copula – relational) (+) e.g. I explained it to her. “explain” = be passivized 1
Subject + PC (developing relations) (+) way.
S, DO, OC (object complement)
EXCEPTION
He lived a full life He took a shower. Where did you sleep?
DO = cognate (life & live same) dilexicalized, don’t mean it He slept [in his bed] =
lexically to a verb in a literally sense location
+ replace: He had a full life/ His life was He had a shower This bed hasn’t been slept
full in
B.2) Identifying S from SC Langacker
- Articles: definite (S) / indefinite extension by preposition (functions as 2nd LM) (V1 & 2)
- Replace: pos. S = “what/who he is” 2nd LM can be explicit V+
B.3) PO, PC & ADV
ADV PC PO
Passiv - - +
Arguement Not a necessary Tied to verb Tied to verb
? place verb replacement pos?
The Complex Sentence
Coordination Subordination (can be embedded)
S-deletion + -
function additive (and), disjunctive (or), additive, disjunctive, contrastive, explanatory
contrastive (but), explanatory (so) and more [Adv C]
Markers a) simple coordinators (and, or, neither, a) subordinators (simple(1el), compound (2el: so
nor, but, (for)) that), correlative(1el in SC, 1 el in MC: such ...
b) correlative coordinators (both...and, that))
either...or, neither...nor, not only ... but b) wh-elements
also) c) non-finite VP (never in MC)
Analyzing complex sentences: a procedure
Preparatory steps:
- Indicate all the verb-phrases – each verb-phrase forms the core el of a clause (either MC, SC or
coordinated clause). Take care: some verb phrases consist of more than one el, including tense
forming auxiliaries & modals).
- Decide which VP is the core of the MC, and then see how the rest fits in – in the case of multiple
embedding at different levels, you have to repeat this step at each level.
Step 1: What does the subclause depend of; at which level does it link up with the main clause?
a) VP-complementation (if functions at sentence level )
- Step 2a: Describe the syntactic characteristics of the VP-complement
Is it finite or non-finite; equi or no equi; which type of clause (to-inf, bare inf, gerund, participle, that-clause,
etc.
-- Step 3a: Which type of VP-complement is it?
Determine the underlying simple structure (2-place or 3-place verb) and the syntactic function: subject,
object (direct or prepositional), complement (subject, object or prepositional) or adverbial
--- Step 4a: specific analysis
(1) describe (where relevant) why this type of complementation has been selected and the nuance in
meaning
, (2) in case of an NP + non-finite: is it (V-0)-V or V–(S-V) or in between; alternatively – three place or two
place;
b) NP-complementation ( if it is a postmodifier of a
noun)
- Step 2b: Which type of NP-complement is it?
Determine whether it complements a de-verbal/de-adjectival noun OR whether it modifies, i.e. provides
extra info
-- Step 3b: Describe the syntactic structure of the NP-complement
Is it finite or non-finite; which type of clause or phrase (cp survey)
--- Step 4b: Specific analysis
(1) for complement clauses: de-verbal or de-adjectival
(2) relative clauses: type of relative clause (sentential, nominal, adnominal, adverbial…), defining vs non-
defining
c) ADJ-complementation (if it complements/specifies an
adjective)
-- Step 3c: Describe the syntactic structure of the ADJ-complement
Is it finite or non-finite; which type of clause or phrase (cp survey)
VP-Complementation: object & complement clauses
1. Non-finite clause-types
1.1 Two-place patterns
1.1.1 Verbs exclusively + to-infinitive
- Communication verbs - Cognition verbs
*promise, threaten, agree, undertake, * Verbs of intention: choose, intend, decide, plan, arrange, prepare;
volunteer; * Verbs of desire (emo): hope, want, need, desire, wish, long , can’t
* Directives: demand, ask, request; afford;
* Verbs of declaring: claim, pretend, - Verbs of effort: fail, manage, aim, seek, endeavour, learn;
profess;
1.1.2 Verbs exclusively + gerund
- Dislike it can not be hypothetical
- eye-witness report
- begin as a gradual process
- Prepositional verbs that do not lose their preposition (e.g. insist on)
- Communication verbs - Process verbs
* Directives: advocate, justify, defend, suggest, prevent, = avoid, defer, delay, postpone, escape; resume, keep,
prohibit, resist, allow, authorize, permit, recommend; go on, practice; give up, leave off, discontinue, finish,
* Verbs of declaring: acknowledge, admit, deny; stop; sit, stand;
* Verbs of judging: forgive, excuse; - Cognition verbs
* Verbs of reporting: report; * V of thinking: think of/about, consider, contemplate,
- Verbs of circumstance [-hu S; passive to-inf imagine, envisage, anticipate, appreciate, understand;
alternative) * Verbs of memory: recall, recollect;
= need, deserve, require, want, won’t bear * V of desire (emotive): resent, dislike, can’t stand, can’t
- Explanatory verbs [-hu subject] endure, enjoy, fancy, (don’t) mind, miss, grudge; can’t
= entail, involve, necessitate help;
1.1.2 Verbs taking both to-infinitive and gerund ( free = depends on context of verb)
= image schematic value of ‘to’ = goal/target, hence futurity, hypotheticalness, volition, specificity
- free choice: attempt, decline, dread, fear, intend, - mean
omit, venture, can’t bear * to-inf: intend
- process: begin, cease, continue & start * gerund: involve
* to – inf: MV = progressive form / stative verb - propose:
* gerund: MV = infinitive * to – inf: intend
- emotive verb: like, love, hate & prefer * gerund: suggest
* to – inf: enjoyment. activity in General - preference:
* gerund: Volition of S, particular occasion * to-inf: specific: “looking forward, toward sth”,
- regret, remember, forget hypothetical
* to – inf: action later in time * gerund: general: ongoing action, factual
* gerund: action earlier in time - understand
- verb of permission: * to –inf: to say / think that
* to – inf: overt subject * gerund: over subject – know why
* gerund: implied subject - try
- active/passive sentence * to – inf: intended achievement
* to-inf: active * gerund: express means or experiments
* gerund: passive undertaken
through which sth can be achieved.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
√ Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, Bancontact of creditcard voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper FiekePat. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,48. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67866 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen