TRL3704_ Exam Prep 2021.

TRL3704_ Exam Prep 2021. Sea Transport. Sea Transport System LO mainly consists of: see fig 1.1 SG par.1.1 o Ships: Mobile units performing basic transport function i.e. moving goods/people from origin to destination o Ports with docks & handling facilities: fixed units performing transfer functions o Shipping/ Nautical Support Systems to ensure effective operation of shipping e.g. navigation, communication, weather o Influenced by demand, Constraints & Control on national/international scale e.g. environmental protection, safety regulat. 1.2 NUMBER & CLASSIFICATION OF SHIPS TB p1 [SEQ & LO] Describe the classification of ships in sea transport in detail - Classify ships by their specialist function e.g. tankers, general cargo, container, but also by how they are operated. - Two basic modes of operation: see also 2015-S1-Assign.2 for more info - Distinguish between distance ships travel:  Short e.g. coasters / home traders / short sea traders  Farther afield e.g. foreign-going ships 1.3 DESIGN & CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES TB p2-3 [SEQ] Describe the classification societies & briefly outline their role & history - Ships are designed by naval architects, who are bound by various constraints. E.g. cost of different designs, technical possibilities, cargo likely to be carried, ports, environment safety. - Planning made more difficult in that designing, ordering & building a ship may take 2 / 3yrs & its expected working life is in the region of 15 to 20 years  much change can occur. - Ship-owners have own preferences & style while ship must still be efficiently designed. - Soundly built  certificate from independent body as to quality of design & construction may convince insurance underwriter/financer/customer of ship's seaworthiness & capability to render safe service - Such independent bodies = "Classification Societies" - They are not shipping organisations but have major impact on shipping & related functions e.g. ship architecture - Classification is voluntary but few ship-owners would/could operate without it - Build vessel under scrutiny of the society’s surveyors  strength & construction must satisfy society’s rules. - Vessel (& parts) must undergo regular periodical surveys to maintain class  more rigorous as vessel ages - One class for all types of ocean-going vessel = 100 A1; 4 classes of ice-strengthening) - Numerous societies, oldest being Lloyds Register, International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) - When started, register was known as 'green book'  for the exclusive use of underwriters - 1834 reconstituted 2 registers to form independent society  starting definite system of classification - Lloyd’s register includes all ships over 100 tons gross, classed /not  referred to as the shipping man’s bible. - Digital Register of Ships contains also ships on order, marine-related companies, ports, maritime atlas Liner Runs on a regular line between ports Regular schedule of sailing Agreed list of tariffs/prices Tramp Go anywhere with anything Ship chartered/hired out at best price owner can obtain 3 rd Option Entities with a lot of cargo to move operate their own ships E.g. Oil Companies T R L 3 7 0 4 | Summary C o m p i l e d b y S t u d e n t s : Ac c u ra c y o f t h i s D o c u m e n t i s n o t e n s u re d P a g e | 6 1.6 TONNAGE TB p15-22 [SEQ & LO] Discuss ship tonnage in detail - Tun: barrel holding 252 gallons of wine  ‘ton’ in shipping can denote both weight & capacity 1.6.1 SHIP TONNAGE - Loaded displacement tonnage: actual weight of ship & cargo. - Light displacement tonnage: actual weight of the ship. - Deadweight tonnage (DWT) : Difference between loaded & light displacement is weight ship can actually carry. - Gross tonnage (GT) : a measure of total enclosed volume of the ship in cubic metres multiplied by a constant - Net/Register tonnage (NT) : total enclosed volume available for cargo in cubic metres multiplied by a constant. - Displacement tonnage has little or no commercial use. - Tanker size usually expressed in deadweight tonnage - Transporting liquids: Convenient to charge for ton weight carried because o it's relatively heavy cargo, o volume of 250,000 tons of oil can appreciably change with, say, a 10-degree variation in temperature. - General-cargo ships: usually full before down to their marks  ship-owner concerned with selling space is more interested in ship's volume than the weight it can carry. - Before 'universal tonnage' measurement 1982 definitions of measurement tonnage was detailed & complex - Different rules for making these measurements where used by different counties 1.6.2 BRIEF HISTORY - Chinese first to levy tax on ship tonnage followed by Henry V - Many variations on how to estimate appeared - "tons burthen" considered a crude estimate of deadweight - Tonnages are independent of ship's nationality & no longer need to be linked to the ship's registration - When initially measured, ships are issued a International Tonnage Certificate (1969) Cargo Tons Long Short Metric Measurement 1694 Use Thames Tonnage Measurement 1849 Royal commission originates Moorsom System: i.e. base assessment of dues on vessel’s potential earning capacity. Came into force in 1854. 1873 International tonnage commission at Constantinople. Only authorities of newly opened Suez Canal follow its findings 1930 League of Nations try to obtain universal agreement Adopted by most countries but not the British or Americans 1967 Pass Merchant Shipping (Tonnage) Regulations 1969 UN agency IMO (International Maritime Organisation) held International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships. Convention brings in universally accepted system of gross & net tonnage on 18 July 1982. Ship Tons (Weight) Loaded Displacement Light Displacement Deadweight (Capacity) Gross Tonnage Net Tonnage Figure 1.9 Ship Tonnage T R L 3 7 0 4 | Summary C o m p i l e d b y S t u d e n t s : Ac c u ra c y o f t h i s D o c u m e n t i s n o t e n s u re d P a g e | 7 1.6.3 DEFINITIONS Gross Tonnage GT = K1V V: Total vol. of all enclosed spaces in m2 Multiplier K1 = 02. + 0.02log10V Net Tonnage NT = K2Vc ( 4 3 x