Samenvatting
Summary and guide to which statistical test to choose
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
Summary Discovering statistic using IBM SPSS edition 5 Guide to choose the correct statistical test
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 213 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 213 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
1 beoordeling
Door: petarvelev1 • 1 jaar geleden
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Which statistical tests to choose?Inhoudsopgave
Choosing a statistical test? ............................................................................................................................... 6
Variable types .................................................................................................................................................. 6
Numeric or metric variables ............................................................................................................................... 6
Categorical variables .......................................................................................................................................... 6
Hypothesis ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Types of hypothesis ............................................................................................................................................ 8
Alternative hypothesis ................................................................................................................................... 8
Null hypothesis .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Research methods .......................................................................................................................................... 10
Correlational research methods ....................................................................................................................... 10
Experimental research method ........................................................................................................................ 10
Measurement error: ......................................................................................................................................... 10
Validity and reliability .................................................................................................................................. 10
Objectivity.................................................................................................................................................... 11
Actuality ....................................................................................................................................................... 11
Data collection.................................................................................................................................................. 11
Variation ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Randomization ................................................................................................................................................. 12
Analyzing data ................................................................................................................................................ 13
Frequency distributions or histogram ............................................................................................................... 13
Normal distribution ..................................................................................................................................... 13
The center of a distribution ......................................................................................................................... 14
The dispersion in a distribution ................................................................................................................... 16
Using a frequency distribution to go beyond the data ................................................................................ 18
Probability density functions (PDF .......................................................................................................... 18
The normal probability distribution ........................................................................................................ 19
Z-scores ................................................................................................................................................... 20
Statistical models ........................................................................................................................................... 21
Statistical models ............................................................................................................................................. 21
Populations and samples ............................................................................................................................. 21
SPINE ................................................................................................................................................................ 21
S is for standard error .................................................................................................................................. 21
Mean ....................................................................................................................................................... 22
Sampling variation .................................................................................................................................. 22
Sampling distribution .............................................................................................................................. 22
Standard error of the mean (SE)/ Standard Error ................................................................................... 22
Central limit theorem ............................................................................................................................. 22
P is for parameters ...................................................................................................................................... 22
Symbols parameters ............................................................................................................................... 23
1
, The mean as a statistical model .............................................................................................................. 23
Assessing the fit of a model .................................................................................................................... 24
I is for interval .............................................................................................................................................. 25
N is for null hypothesis significance testing................................................................................................. 26
Test statistics .......................................................................................................................................... 27
Type I and Type II errors ......................................................................................................................... 28
Sample size and statistical significance ................................................................................................... 28
E is for estimating parameters..................................................................................................................... 28
Bias and outliers ............................................................................................................................................. 29
Bias ................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Reducing Bias ............................................................................................................................................... 29
Outliers ............................................................................................................................................................. 32
Spotting outliers in SPSS .............................................................................................................................. 32
Overview of assumptions ............................................................................................................................... 34
Violations of assumptions ................................................................................................................................ 34
Additivity and linearity: ............................................................................................................................... 34
Spotting linearity and heteroscedasticity/ heterogeneity of variance ................................................... 34
Normally distributed something or other: .................................................................................................. 35
Spotting normality .................................................................................................................................. 36
Homoscedasticity/ homogeneity of variance .............................................................................................. 40
Spotting homogeneity of variances/ homoscedasticity ......................................................................... 40
Independence .............................................................................................................................................. 41
SPSS: basic functions ...................................................................................................................................... 43
Getting started ................................................................................................................................................. 43
The data editor ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Other windows ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Menu options ................................................................................................................................................... 43
Data view ..................................................................................................................................................... 44
Transform .................................................................................................................................................... 44
Split file ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Select cases ............................................................................................................................................. 45
Compute variable.................................................................................................................................... 45
Recode .................................................................................................................................................... 46
Analyze ........................................................................................................................................................ 46
Chart builder ................................................................................................................................................ 46
Graphs ........................................................................................................................................................... 47
Graphs in SPSS .................................................................................................................................................. 52
Histogram in SPSS ........................................................................................................................................ 52
Boxplot in SPSS ............................................................................................................................................ 53
Bar chart in SPSS .......................................................................................................................................... 53
Line chart in SPSS ......................................................................................................................................... 55
Scatterplot in SPSS ....................................................................................................................................... 55
Which statistical test to choose? .................................................................................................................... 56
Statistical tests ............................................................................................................................................... 59
1 Descriptive statistics ...................................................................................................................................... 59
Descriptive statistics .................................................................................................................................... 59
Descriptive statistics in SPSS ................................................................................................................... 59
2
, Frequencies ................................................................................................................................................. 59
Frequencies in SPSS ................................................................................................................................ 59
2 Correlation analysis (relationship between variables/ predicting variables) ................................................ 61
Correlation ................................................................................................................................................... 61
Associations ................................................................................................................................................. 61
Covariance ................................................................................................................................................... 62
The correlation coefficient .......................................................................................................................... 63
Types of correlation ................................................................................................................................ 65
Assumptions in correlation ..................................................................................................................... 66
Correlation analysis in SPSS= .................................................................................................................. 67
Interpreting output correlation analysis ................................................................................................. 68
Reporting correlation analysis ................................................................................................................ 68
3 Regression analysis (relationship between variables/ predicting variables) ................................................. 70
Regression analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 70
Linear model ................................................................................................................................................ 70
Bias in linear models ............................................................................................................................... 73
Assumptions of the linear model ............................................................................................................ 75
Simple (linear) regression ............................................................................................................................ 79
Simple (linear) regression in SPSS ........................................................................................................... 79
Interpreting output simple (linear) regression ....................................................................................... 80
Reporting simple (linear) regression ....................................................................................................... 81
Multiple (linear) regression ......................................................................................................................... 82
Multiple (linear) regression in SPSS ........................................................................................................ 83
Interpreting output multiple (linear) regression .................................................................................... 85
Reporting multiple (linear) regression .................................................................................................... 88
Logistic regression ....................................................................................................................................... 89
The Wald statistic ................................................................................................................................... 93
The odds ratio ......................................................................................................................................... 93
Assumptions of logistic regression ......................................................................................................... 94
Building a model ..................................................................................................................................... 96
Logistic regression in SPSS ...................................................................................................................... 96
Interpreting output logistic regression ................................................................................................... 99
Reporting logistic regression ................................................................................................................ 102
Binary logistic regression ........................................................................................................................... 103
Multinomial logit ....................................................................................................................................... 103
Conditional logit ........................................................................................................................................ 103
Chi-square test........................................................................................................................................... 104
Assumptions of Chi-square test ............................................................................................................ 107
Other measures of associations ............................................................................................................ 108
Chi-square test in SPSS ......................................................................................................................... 109
Interpreting output chi-square ............................................................................................................. 110
Reporting chi-square ............................................................................................................................ 114
Log-linear regression ................................................................................................................................. 115
Assumptions of log-linear analysis........................................................................................................ 115
Loglinear regression in SPSS ................................................................................................................. 116
Interpreting loglinear regression in SPSS .............................................................................................. 116
4 T-test............................................................................................................................................................ 117
T-test.......................................................................................................................................................... 117
Assumptions of the t-test ..................................................................................................................... 119
Independent t-test..................................................................................................................................... 121
Independent t-test in SPSS ................................................................................................................... 123
Interpreting output independent t-test ................................................................................................ 124
Reporting independent t-test ............................................................................................................... 125
Paired-sample t-test .................................................................................................................................. 126
Paired-sample t-test in SPSS ................................................................................................................. 127
3
, Interpreting output paired-sample t-test ............................................................................................. 128
Reporting paired-sample t-test............................................................................................................. 129
5 AN(C)OVA .................................................................................................................................................... 130
ANOVA ....................................................................................................................................................... 130
Two-way ANOVA ....................................................................................................................................... 130
Assumptions of ANOVA ........................................................................................................................ 136
Planned contrast ................................................................................................................................... 137
Post-hoc tests ....................................................................................................................................... 140
ANOVA in SPSS ...................................................................................................................................... 142
Interpreting output ANOVA .................................................................................................................. 144
Reporting ANOVA ................................................................................................................................. 147
ANCOVA ..................................................................................................................................................... 147
Assumptions in ANCOVA=..................................................................................................................... 150
ANCOVA in SPSS .................................................................................................................................... 153
Interpreting output ANCOVA ................................................................................................................ 155
Reporting ANCOVA ............................................................................................................................... 157
Repeated-measures design or one-way Repeated-Measures ANOVA ...................................................... 158
Assumptions of repeated-measures design or repeated-measures ANOVA ........................................ 161
Repeated-measures design or repeated-measured ANOVA in SPSS .................................................... 164
Interpreting output repeated-measures design or repeated-measured ANOVA ................................. 166
Reporting repeated-measures design or repeated-measured ANOVA ................................................ 170
Factorial ANOVA ........................................................................................................................................ 171
Independent factorial design or Factorial ANOVA .................................................................................... 171
Assumptions in independent factorial designs or factorial ANOVA ..................................................... 177
Independent factorial design or Factorial ANOVA in SPSS ................................................................... 177
Interpreting output independent factorial design or factorial ANOVA ................................................ 178
Reporting independent factorial design or factorial ANOVA ................................................................ 183
Repeated-measures factorial design or Repeated-measures factorial ANOVA ........................................ 185
Assumptions in factorial repeated-measures design or factorial repeated-measures ANOVA............ 185
Factorial repeated-measures design or factorial repeated-measures ANOVA in SPSS ........................ 188
Interpreting output factorial repeated-measures designs or factorial repeated-measures ANOVA ... 190
Reporting the results from factorial repeated-measures designs ........................................................ 194
Mixed design ............................................................................................................................................. 195
- Where you have measured a dependent variable (e.g. back pain or salary) over two or more points or
when all subjects have undergone two or more conditions (time and conditions are the within-subject
factors) but also when your subject have been assigned into two or more separate groups. ....................... 195
- Mixed-model ANOVA= tests whether each of the three effects – the two main effects and the
interaction effect – is statistically significant. ................................................................................................ 195
- Mix of independent factorial design and repeated-measured factorial design. ................................... 195
6 Factor analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 196
Factor analysis ........................................................................................................................................... 196
Exploratory factor analysis= purpose is to reduce many individual items into fewer number of dimensions.
........................................................................................................................................................................ 196
- When you need to develop a hypothesis about the relationship between variables, but you do not know
what the exact variables or sub-variables are or reducing the number of variables in regression models. .. 196
Confirmatory factor analysis= used to test a hypothesis about the relationship between variables............ 196
- Allows the researcher to test the hypothesis that a relationship between observed variables and their
underlying latent constructs exist. ................................................................................................................. 196
- If you carry out the confirmatory facto analysis but the goodness of fit is low, then the exploratory
factor analysis also needs to be performed. ................................................................................................... 196
Steps involved in factor analysis ........................................................................................................... 199
Overview of the process in Factor analysis........................................................................................... 203
4
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper skuiken. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €16,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 73918 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen