College aantekeningen
College aantekeningen Psychologie Van Taal (TW1V13002)
- Instelling
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Aantekeningen van de hoorcolleges van het vak Psychologie Van Taal.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 24 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 24 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lectures Psychology of Language 2019-2020 1Psychology of Language – Lecture 01
09/09/2019
Behaviourists
- Reject → The study of the human mind as something scientifically possible.
- Goal → Solely to come up with a theory of how a certain behaviour is determined by certain external
stimuli.
Cognitivists
- Want → To understand the underlying mental processes
➢ The brain actively contributes and interprets what is perceived.
o Visual cognition: from perception of visual stimuli to the interpretation of something
as a particular object.
o In language: From sound to meaning
What your brain tells you does not have to be true about the world.
E.g. → Soldier and picture old woman/young girl
What is cognition?
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience
and the senses.
What is modularity?
The degree to which a complex system can be broken apart in subunits (modules) which can be
recombined in various ways.
McGurk effect
- Demonstrates that different modalities (e.g. vision and language) interact and can influence
each other.
- It is relevant for the modularity issue because although different modalities appear to be
distinct, they do interact with each other and can even influence the final interpretation of
stimuli.
- Visual information interferes with the sound (eyes open).
- Sound perception changes with eyes open or closed.
Cultural/Social aspect = Language use
Biological aspect = Knowledge of language
Psycholinguistics =
▪ A science of what we know when we know language, and how we implement this
unconscious knowledge in real time.
▪ It’s a science that builds models of the rules and their implementation.
▪ It’s a science that strives to uncover the unconscious properties of the mind.
▪ It’s a science about where this knowledge comes from.
➢ Knowledge has something to do with the mind
➢ The mind had something to do with the brain
➢ What is the relationship between mind and brain?
,Lectures Psychology of Language 2019-2020 2
Computational theory of the mind
Mind = Analogous to software
Brain = Analogous to hardware
→ To know something means to have the necessary hardware that is capable of running a specific
program (software).
Three levels of understanding (computation theory of the mind):
1. Computations (what is done / what the brain does)
• Formal, content free, symbolic operations performed independently of the context.
o E.g. 3x + 2x = 5x independently of the nature of x
o E.g. John likes Mary vs. *John Mary likes
• Sensitive to structure
• Limitation related to memory, attention, etc
• In language research → Theoretical linguistics
2. Algorithm (how it’s done / how the brain does it)
• How the computation is carried out.
o E.g. 15 x 5 =
o 15 + 15 + 15 + 15 + 15
o (15 x 10) / 2
o (10 x 5) + (5 x 5)
o Which one is better? Depends on what system does the computation
• In language research → What happens in real time processing
3. Implementation (by what means it’s done / what rules)
• The way a system works
• In language research → Patterns of neural activation? Relevant brain structures?
Information-processing approach:
- Brain as an information – processing device
- Biological hardware vs. software
- Mind is what the brain does
Phonology (sounds)
• Unit of analyses = A phoneme
• Distinctive phonemes = Something distinguishable in a given language
• The first purely linguistic level
• The most elementary units of speech
• Sign languages have phonemes → Not acoustic signals but particular shapes
• Phonotactic knowledge, you do not have to go through your lexicon to know
Infant exposed to many different sounds → Which of the sounds are related to human speech
→ Infants are able to distinguish human speech/sounds (E.g. French → Different vowel systems)
No human language without symbols/structures
Morphology
• Morpheme = The smallest meaningful unit of speech
• Free and bound morphemes
• Sign languages have morphemes
• Click languages → A click is a phoneme that also can be a morpheme
• Tonal languages → A tone can be a morpheme
, Lectures Psychology of Language 2019-2020 3
Syntax
• Unit of analysis = A phrase
• Phrases are organized hierarchically
• The rules and processes are completely unconscious, fast and automatic
• We can produce, fast and effortlessly, rather long sentences and we can understand rather
complicated structures
➢ Language is not communication. Language is a biological property of the human brain and it
can be used for communication.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper MarleenElise. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,50. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67096 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen