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Introduction to Sociology Samenvatting: Alles wat je moet weten voor het tentamen!

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Inleiding Sociologie

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Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

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Introduction to Sociology

Een zeer uitgebreide samenvatting (66 pagina's) over het vak Introduction to Sociology. Bevat alle hoofdstukken uit het boek, inclusief inhoudsopgave voor snelle navigatie en aantekeningen en feedback uit werkgroepen.

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Geupload op 1 november 2022
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Aantal pagina's 65
Geschreven in 2022/2023
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Inleiding Sociologie

Bachelor Sociologie
Universiteit Utrecht
Collegejaar 2022/2023
Luca Horstkamp
Inleiding Sociologie – F. van Tubergen

, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp

Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Thinking like a sociologist............................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 The sociological perspective ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 Social problems ......................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Three aims of sociology ............................................................................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Three types of sociological questions ....................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5 The art of asking good sociological questions.......................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Sociology and common sense .................................................................................................................................................. 9
1.7 Sociology as cumulative science ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Hoofdstuk 2: Theories ......................................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 Theories and explanation......................................................................................................................................................... 10
2.3 What are useful sociological theories? .................................................................................................................................... 11
2.5 Concepts .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.6 Causality ................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.7 Conceptual models .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.8 Formal model ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Hoofdstuk 3: Methods......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
3.1 Is your smartphone making you stupid? ................................................................................................................................. 13
3.2 Measurement quality ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.3 External validity ........................................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.4 Internal validity ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 Exploratory research ................................................................................................................................................................ 15
3.6 Qualitative and quantitave methods ......................................................................................................................................... 16
3.7 Case study research ................................................................................................................................................................ 16
3.8 Administrative research ........................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.9 Survey research ....................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.10 Big data research ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.11 Experimental research ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.12 Replication ............................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Hoofdstuk 4: Perspectives .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
4.1 The origin of sociological perspectives ................................................................................................................................... 19
4.2 Sociological themes and topics ............................................................................................................................................... 19
4.3 Causal explaining or subjective understanding?..................................................................................................................... 21
4.4 Multilevel framework................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Hoofdstuk 5: Opinions ........................................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.2 Self-fulfilling prophecy ............................................................................................................................................................ 23
5.3 Conformity ............................................................................................................................................................................... 24
5.4 Informational and normative social influence .......................................................................................................................... 25
5.5 Social learning theory .............................................................................................................................................................. 25

2

, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp

5.6 Popularity of cultural products ................................................................................................................................................ 27
5.7 Diffusion of innovations ........................................................................................................................................................... 27
Hoofdstuk 6: Norms ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
6.1 College binge drinking: a social problem?.............................................................................................................................. 28
6.2 What are social norms? ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
6.3 Social control theory ................................................................................................................................................................ 29
6.4 Internalized norms ................................................................................................................................................................... 29
6.5 Legal norms ............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
6.6 Why do norms emerge? .......................................................................................................................................................... 30
6.7 Cultural maladaptation and norm change ............................................................................................................................... 31
6.8 The dynamics of group distinction .......................................................................................................................................... 32
Hoofdstuk 7: Networks ........................................................................................................................................................................ 33
7.2 Personal networks ................................................................................................................................................................... 33
7.3 Network size and hubs ............................................................................................................................................................ 35
7.4 Network density and transitivity ............................................................................................................................................... 35
7.5 The small-world phenomenon ................................................................................................................................................ 36
7.6 Network change: loss-of-community?..................................................................................................................................... 36
7.7 Networks and social cohesion ................................................................................................................................................. 37
7.8 Networks and social capital ..................................................................................................................................................... 37
Hoofdstuk 8: Groups ........................................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.1 Groups unite and divide .......................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.2 Group segregation ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
8.3 The causes of group segregation ............................................................................................................................................ 39
8.4 In-group favoritism .................................................................................................................................................................. 40
8.5 Social context and in-group favoritism ................................................................................................................................... 40
8.6 Group threat theory .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Hoofdstuk 9: Stratification and mobility .............................................................................................................................................. 42
9.1 What makes you happy? .......................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.2 Social class and status............................................................................................................................................................. 42
9.3 Income and wealth ................................................................................................................................................................... 42
9.4 Long-term changes in stratification ......................................................................................................................................... 43
9.5 Social mobility.......................................................................................................................................................................... 43
9.6 Ascription and achievement .................................................................................................................................................... 44
9.7 Modernization and mobility theory .......................................................................................................................................... 44
9.8 Cultural reproduction theory ................................................................................................................................................... 45
9.9 The Great Gatsby Curve ........................................................................................................................................................... 46
Hoofdstuk 10: Resources .................................................................................................................................................................... 47
10.1 Human capital ........................................................................................................................................................................ 47
10.2 Social capital .......................................................................................................................................................................... 47

3

, Inleiding Sociologie – Luca Horstkamp

10.3 Group affiliation and discrimination ...................................................................................................................................... 49
10.4 Inequality of outcomes, opportunities and returns ............................................................................................................... 50
10.5 Gender inequality ................................................................................................................................................................... 51
Hoofdstuk 11: Immigration and integration ........................................................................................................................................ 52
11.1 Immigration and integration: a social problem? .................................................................................................................... 52
11.2 International migration ........................................................................................................................................................... 52
11.3 Integration: what does it mean? ............................................................................................................................................ 53
11.4 Integration: changes over time? ............................................................................................................................................ 54
11.5 Integration: social context effects? ........................................................................................................................................ 54
11.6 Case study: culture of honor ................................................................................................................................................. 54
11.7 Integration: selective or spillover effects? ............................................................................................................................. 55
11.8 The dynamics of residential segregation ............................................................................................................................... 56
Hoofdstuk 12: Modernization.............................................................................................................................................................. 57
12.1 Is the world getting worse? ................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.2 Wealth and health .................................................................................................................................................................. 57
12.3 Peace and safety .................................................................................................................................................................... 57
12.4 Rationalization ........................................................................................................................................................................ 58
12.5 Technological progress ......................................................................................................................................................... 59
12.6 Scientization ........................................................................................................................................................................... 59
12.7 McDonaldization .................................................................................................................................................................... 60
12.8 Value change ......................................................................................................................................................................... 60
12.9 Population change ................................................................................................................................................................. 61
Hoofdstuk 13: Religion........................................................................................................................................................................ 62
13.1 What is religion? .................................................................................................................................................................... 62
13.2 Did religions solve the problem of human cooperation? ...................................................................................................... 62
13.3 The stickiness factor of religion ............................................................................................................................................ 62
13.4 Secularization in Western Europe ......................................................................................................................................... 63
13.5 Modernization and secularization .......................................................................................................................................... 64
13.6 Existential insecurity theory ................................................................................................................................................... 64

4

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