College aantekeningen
Sports world and Identity chapter notes
- Vak
- SKVP22SWO
- Instelling
- Hanzehogeschool Groningen (Hanze)
Short notes from class and further research into sports world and identity on many chapters
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 7 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 7 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Chapter 2: Sports, history and social change.Why sports really matter
Sports history is important because it helps us understand how sport changed and developed through the years by using core
historical force/events and that it is crucial to acknowledge that sports have been played differently, at different times, in
different places therefore causing effects on their respective societies.
Dangers of contemporary sports
If we only look at sports nowadays we may be concealed to the past.
EG. It is often assumed that the popular involvement of women in sport is relatively modern, yet if you look back at places like
Scotland, there is evidence that shows a women’s football tournament happening in 1938. In Australia there are records of a
Golf club for women only in 1879. It shows how this movement has been happening for longer than a century.
Change and continuity in sports
As sports develops society changes with it but there are also parts that stay the same and give an insight on a past society.
These can be seen as good or bad depending on the person.
EG. Women having more access to sports and ethnical diversity increase. On the other hand there are also clear examples of
continuity like the logo and colors of clubs and teams and the way that they can hold tradition.
Comparative physical cultures
Comparative physical cultures consist of the way sports are perceived in different parts of the world, how athletes are produced
and projected back into their own culture. EG. How in developed countries sports can be seen just like another profession while
in less developed countries it can be seen as salvation, and this opinion can change even based on the sport that you are
playing.
Sporting plausibility and complexity
Sporting plausibility and complexity is pretty much finding hard evidence, interpreting it and making a conclusion from that. It
talks about that there is not really a way to approach this sort of situation even though the way one sees and interprets such
evidence has great impacts on the solution.
Change and the meaning of sport
Focuses on the social change sport raises through trends, transformations, developments and function, and also how all of
those changes were influenced based on the time period they lived in.
Chapter 3 :Sport, economics and wealth
Powerful and rich companies/individuals continue to invest in the sport world. As it is proven to have big effects on
economics and capital.
The sport industry brings in a lot of money EG. China is on track to beat the USA in economic status, and they plan to
use sports to gain extra international influence, capability and wealth. By hosting a World Cup and overall developing
the football industry more, the sport industry which brings in the most money.
China’s economic growth after the Beijing Olympics. Seeing the results of hosting a Major sport event, China has
started placing bigger emphasis on developing the sports industry.
Sport has a big impact on economics. Certain sport results can affect the stock market. Mostly results of national teams. These
financial markets are driven by human emotion, investors reflect the national mood, and their negative outlook can result in
billions of dollars being wiped from the market. A study showed that football has the biggest affect on these markets,
particularly in traditionally more successful nations. EG. England lost to Italy in the 2014 World Cup, the UK stock market fell by
0.34%. And the same year the same happened to Spain after being humiliated by the Netherlands 5-1, their stock market
dropped by 1%. It is also shown that the bigger the loss the bigger the stock market less, however the reverse is not true, as
there is no proof that there is a spike upwards in stock after a win.
Sport Industry differs in the USA and Europe. EG. Baseball and Football. In the US, team owners tend to control the franchise
and their locations, teams tend to have a monopoly over certain territories, and, when leagues expand, existing owners charge a
substantial fee to the new owners, leagues also benefit from a variety of anti-trust laws. In Europe, leagues are open, a
hierarchy of leagues exists, and poorly performing teams get relegated, and the strongest teams are promoted and in the top
league.
America’s closed league system ensures better stability for clubs, clubs and investors know they will be part of the league and
thus keep all their sponsorships, deals, sales etc. Meanwhile in Europe, clubs that get relegated are at risk of financial loss, and
the clubs that get promoted get financial benefits. And this shows how much more franchise and business oriented the
American sports world is compared to Europe’s more passionate and old school race to the top like structure.
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, However North American sports leagues place a number of restrictions on their clubs’ expenditures that ensure a better
competitive balance. Competitive balance means that in theory all teams have a realistic chance of winning the league.
Compare this to most European leagues where a handful of clubs have won the last 10 or so championships.
They have become too financially powerful for other teams to compete. The two most prominent rules in relation to this are:
The Salary Cap - Limits the amount of money clubs can spend on wages. This ensures a level playing field in the ability
to hire the best talent.
The Draft - In its basic form, the lowest ranked team in a preceding season will get the first choice of the new youth
players that are eligible to play in the league the following season. This ensures that they have the opportunity to get
the best future talent and hence more chance of being competitive.
Sport can lead to economic growth.
EG. A football team in a certain region, can lead to new jobs, increase customer spendings on merchandise, and more tax
revenue for the region it’s in. In the US the sport industry produces up to $700B, which leads to over 200k jobs, and amounts to
1,8% of USA’s total GDP.
GLOBAL TRADE AND FINANCE
To get started, transnational corporations are those companies that were initially created in a specific country but as time goes
by the amplified their presence in the international market giving rise to new subsidiary companies around the world. These
companies use sports as a promoter of their products. Transborder production appears as one process is being spread along
multiple locations within and between countries. With the growth of global production sport goods and services will have
potentially increased creating more demand and supply. These goods and services will become significant for many facets of
trade for multinational firms.
Some key part:
Borders can limit or ban trade with many forms of protectionism
The increase of sports goods and services are not generally blocked by
territorial distance
Contemporary sports of commerce involves transborder marketing of global-
brand-names products
The amount of trade between different parts of the world can be quite unfair.
The financial recession in 2008 had a significant impact on sport. Many parts of the world were getting treated unfairly in the
perspective of economic trading relationships. Implementing a fair trade on trading relationships would potentially increase the
freedom of choice that national and international economies offer. EG. When athletes and sports stars migrate from one part of
the world to another, are the regulations that govern the selling of the athletes fair? How much of the fee for an athlete goes to
the club, town, or village that helped to produce the athlete or sports star? Do we not need to consider the issue of mutuality as
a principle at the heart of a fairer trading system involving sport?
UNEVEN GLOBAL TRADE IN MUSCLE AND WEALTH REDISTRIBUTION
The international flow of athletes of Kenya has been referred to as the trade of muscle. These athletes have changed their
allegiance with their birth country to a much wealthier state in natural supplies. As Simms and Redell mention in 2004, “this
competition seeking for African talent, may be seen with the exploitation of Africa's mineral wealth during multiple periods of
colonialism. Those living in poverty will provide the muscle for the benefits of the rich countries. Kenya tightened up conditions
and circumstances to try to avoid all of these situations with the flow of athletes moving to a richer country. We can consider
this as an unacceptable situation for an athlete because of the uneven and differentiated forms of capitalism that affect the
conditions of engaging global sport and sport communities. African runners must receive tools in which they can determine
their own well-being and life-chances in a more adequate sporting world.
EG. This study illustrates how Kenyan women use their benefits from running to provide for their families and also local
communities of women who may or may not like running. In 2010 a group of Kenyan women runners made an excess of 10
million dollars. This perspective has expanded, making women's economy and social freedoms increase in other domains. The
freedom that female runners achieved had an impact on other women's mobility and freedom to function.
Globalization has not been experienced everywhere and at the same magnitude:
Transborder trade and finance/ East Asia, North America, Western Europe
Super territorial trade and finance has developed unevenly in the north but
mainly in the cities
Transborder market have shown a growing wealth gap between countries
EG. Top 25 wealthiest clubs reside within four countries. Four sports dominate the league of wealthiest sport teams; and
Africa does not appear in this league.
The most expensive Summer Olympic Games: Beijing 2008
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