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IB Physics IA - 7 - The effect of water level on the frequency created by a wine glass. (23/24)
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My physics HL IA that scored 23/24 for the May 2022 session.
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Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study MaterialThe effect of water level on the frequency
created by a wine glass.
Introduction
Opera singers are known to be able to shatter wine glasses with only their voices. They do this by
singing a note which is the same frequency as the resonate frequency of the wine glass. When a
wine glass is resonating, constructive interference allows for the vibrations of the glass to increase.
As the energy increases, the energy will exceed the strength of the bonds between the molecules
of the glass (Helmenstine, 2019). Which in effect makes it shatter.
Figure 1 – shows a broken wine glass (Duong, 2010)
In wine glasses when you rub the rim a frequency is heard since you are making the glass resonate.
I wanted to see how the water level affected the frequency and if there were some other variables
affecting this. Some other practical applications of standing waves could be a standing wave radar
(Uebo, 2005) which can measure small distances precisely. Which can help us to explore new things
at a smaller scale.
Research Question
How does the water level effect the frequency created by a wine glass?
Background Information
To understand the effects of water level on frequency we first need to define some base terms.
“Sounds propagate when an object vibrates, causing the air next to it to have areas of high and then
low pressure as the object moves back and forth. The pressure wave moves through both the air
and objects much like a compressed area travels through a slinky.” (Becker, s.d.) To create
resonance, the frequency created has to match the natural frequency (OpenStax College, s.d.),
which is the frequency created with no damping. Damping is the effect of the dissipation of energy
which prevents an oscillation from occurring (Encyclopaedia Britannica, s.d.). If there is no damping,
then energy is either not dissipating or the oscillation is receiving outside energy to keep the
oscillation going.
1
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Figure 2 – shows the effect of resonance on a wine glass. (Lee, 2018)
The resonance of a wine glass can be easily found since when you find the natural frequency the
wine glass starts to move as shown in figure 2. The closer the frequency is to the natural frequency;
the more energy is transferred so that’s why the glass moves more. There have been many examples
where a wine glass has been broken because of resonance. This is because when the natural
frequency it displaces air molecules which moves the glass. When the sound is turned louder, the
glass will break (Marquart, 2016). This is important because the resonance influences the frequency
produced which is an important variable in my experiment.
Moreover, the liquid has a big part to play in the resonance of a wine glass. When a wine glass
resonates, it means that the glass molecules are effectively vibrating. Because the water is in contact
with the vibrating glass molecules, the energy is transferred to water as the water is being dragged
with the resonance. When the water level increases, more energy is being transferred because there
are more water molecules to transfer the energy to (Anon., 2021). Furthermore, the surface area of
the water increases because of the shape of the wine glass. Which means that the water molecules
have to be dragged back and forth further.
Another factor is the type of liquid used. According to (Gardner, et al., s.d.), the viscosity of the liquid
also affects frequency. It concludes that the more viscous a liquid is, the lower the frequency will be.
If we extrapolate that for our experiment, then if we add a more viscous liquid, the resonance will
decrease. The changes in resonance because of the type of liquid used means that this could affect
results. Which means that this had to be a control variable. However, this information can still be using
in analysing the data. Since a more viscous liquid has more mass that means that when you add more
water into the wine glass. It will decrease the frequency. So, there are 3 factors: the energy being
transferred to the water, the surface area, and the mass, which effects the resonance of a wine glass.
The thickness of the wine glass also has to be considered in out experiment. A thicker wine glass will
not resonate as easily compared to thinner wine glasses (Murmson, 2017). This also links to the type
of liquid used as it states that more mass decreases the frequency. So, because a thicker wine glass is
heavier it means that the frequency will decrease. This will also need to be a control variable since it
could increase or decrease the results depending on the mass.
Hypothesis
I think that the water level is inversely proportional to the frequency created by a wine glass because
the effect of the liquid makes the resonance decrease.
2
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