Een volledige en uitgebreide samenvatting van alle hoofdstukken (1t/m8) van het handboek 'A short history of the Middle Ages'. Dit handboek is gebruikt voor de opleiding Geschiedenis aan de RUG in het jaar 2022/2023 voor het vak Middeleeuwse Geschiedenis, blok 2.
Inhoudsopgave
1 Hoofdstuk 1 – The Roman World Transformed (c. 300-600).........................................................................6
1.1 THE PROVINCIALIZATION OF THE EMPIRE (c.250–c.350)..............................................................................6
1.1.1 A New Religion........................................................................................................................................7
1.1.2 Doctrine..................................................................................................................................................9
1.1.3 The Sources of God’s Grace..................................................................................................................10
1.1.4 Art from the Provinces to the Center...................................................................................................11
1.2 THE BARBARIANS.........................................................................................................................................12
1.3 THE NEW ORDER..........................................................................................................................................13
1.3.1 The Ruralization of the West................................................................................................................14
1.3.2 Retrenchment in the East.....................................................................................................................15
1.4 CONCLUSIE...................................................................................................................................................16
1.4.1 Belangrijke data....................................................................................................................................16
2 Hoofdstuk 2 – The Emergence of Sibling Cultures (c. 600-750)....................................................................17
2.1 SAVING BYZANTIUM....................................................................................................................................17
2.1.1 Sources of Resiliency............................................................................................................................17
2.1.2 Invasions and Their Consequences.......................................................................................................17
2.1.3 Decline of Urban Centers......................................................................................................................18
2.1.4 Ruralization...........................................................................................................................................19
2.1.5 Iconoclasm............................................................................................................................................19
2.2 THE RISE OF THE “BEST COMMUNITY”: ISLAM............................................................................................20
2.2.1 The Shaping of Islam.............................................................................................................................21
2.2.2 Out of Arabia.........................................................................................................................................22
2.2.3 The Culture of the Umayyads...............................................................................................................23
2.3 THE MAKING OF WESTERN EUROPE............................................................................................................23
2.3.1 Impoverishment and Its Variations......................................................................................................24
2.3.2 Politics and Culture...............................................................................................................................25
2.4 CONCLUSIE...................................................................................................................................................29
2.4.1 Belangrijke data....................................................................................................................................29
3 Hoofdstuk 3 – Creating New Identities (c. 750-900)....................................................................................30
3.1 BYZANTIUM: FROM TURNING WITHIN TO CAUTIOUS EXPANSION.............................................................30
3.1.1 New Icons, New Armies, New Territories.............................................................................................30
3.1.2 Christianity and the Rise of East Central Europe..................................................................................31
3.1.3 Cultural Flowering at Byzantium..........................................................................................................32
3.2 THE SHIFT TO THE EAST IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD........................................................................................33
3.2.1 The Abbasid Reconfiguration................................................................................................................33
3.2.2 New Forms of Literature.......................................................................................................................34
, 3.2.3 Al-Andalus: A Society in the Middle.....................................................................................................35
3.3 AN EMPIRE IN SPITE OF ITSELF.....................................................................................................................35
3.3.1 The Making of the Carolingians............................................................................................................36
3.3.2 Charlemagne.........................................................................................................................................36
3.3.3 Charlemagne’s Heirs.............................................................................................................................38
3.3.4 The Wealth of a Local Economy...........................................................................................................39
3.3.5 The Carolingian Renaissance................................................................................................................39
3.3.6 Belangrijke data....................................................................................................................................40
4 Hoofdstuk 4 – Political Communities Reordered (c.900-1015)....................................................................41
4.1 BYZANTIUM: THE STRENGTHS AND LIMITS OF CENTRALIZATION...............................................................41
4.1.1 The Imperial Court................................................................................................................................41
4.1.2 A Wide Embrace and Its Tensions........................................................................................................42
4.1.3 The Formation of Rus’..........................................................................................................................43
4.2 DIVISION AND DEVELOPMENT IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD..............................................................................44
4.2.1 The Emergence of Regional Powers.....................................................................................................44
4.2.2 Cultural Unity, Religious Polarization...................................................................................................45
4.3 THE WEST: FRAGMENTATION AND RESILIENCE...........................................................................................46
4.3.1 The Last Invaders of the West..............................................................................................................47
4.3.2 Public Power and Private Relationships...............................................................................................48
4.3.3 Kingship in an Age of Fragmentation....................................................................................................52
4.3.4 New States in East Central Europe.......................................................................................................55
4.4 Conclusie.......................................................................................................................................................56
4.4.1 Belangrijke data....................................................................................................................................56
5 Hoofdstuk 5 – New Configuration.............................................................................................................. 57
5.1 THE SELJUKS AND THE ALMORAVIDS...........................................................................................................57
5.1.1 From Mercenaries to Imperialists........................................................................................................57
5.1.2 From Pastoralists to State-Builders......................................................................................................58
5.2 BYZANTIUM: BLOODIED BUT UNBOWED.....................................................................................................59
5.3 THE QUICKENING OF THE EUROPEAN ECONOMY.......................................................................................60
5.3.1 Towns and Cities...................................................................................................................................60
5.3.2 Business Arrangements........................................................................................................................60
5.4 CHURCH REFORM AND ITS AFTERMATH......................................................................................................61
5.4.1 The Coming of Reform..........................................................................................................................62
5.4.2 The Investiture Conflict and Its Effects.................................................................................................62
5.4.3 The First Crusade..................................................................................................................................63
5.5 RULERS WITH CLOUT....................................................................................................................................64
5.5.1 The Crusader States..............................................................................................................................64
5.5.2 England under Norman Rule................................................................................................................65
5.5.3 Christian Spain and Portugal.................................................................................................................66
5.5.4 Praising the King of France...................................................................................................................66
5.6 NEW FORMS OF LEARNING AND RELIGIOUS EXPRESSION..........................................................................67
5.6.1 The New Schools and What They Taught.............................................................................................67
5.6.2 Monastic Splendor and Poverty...........................................................................................................68
5.7 Conclusie.......................................................................................................................................................69
5.7.1 Belangrijke data....................................................................................................................................69
6 Hoofdstuk 6 – Institutionalizing aspirations............................................................................................... 70
6.1 THE ISLAMIC AND BYZANTINE WORLDS IN FLUX.........................................................................................70
6.1.1 Islamic Principalities.............................................................................................................................70
, 6.1.2 The Undoing and Persistence of Byzantium.........................................................................................71
6.2 THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF GOVERNMENT IN THE WEST....................................................................72
6.2.1 Law, Authority, and the Written Word in England...............................................................................72
6.2.2 Spain and France in the Making...........................................................................................................73
6.2.3 Of Empires and City-States...................................................................................................................74
6.3 CULTURE AND INSTITUTIONS IN TOWN AND COUNTRYSIDE......................................................................76
6.3.1 Inventorying the Countryside...............................................................................................................76
6.3.2 The Culture of the Courts.....................................................................................................................77
6.3.3 Urban Guilds Incorporated...................................................................................................................78
6.3.4 Gothic Style...........................................................................................................................................78
6.3.5 The Church in the World.......................................................................................................................79
6.3.6 The Fourth Lateran Council (1215).......................................................................................................79
6.3.7 The Embraced and the Rejected...........................................................................................................80
6.3.8 Defining the Other................................................................................................................................81
6.4 EUROPEAN AGGRESSION WITHIN AND WITHOUT......................................................................................81
6.4.1 The Jews................................................................................................................................................81
6.4.2 Crusades................................................................................................................................................82
6.4.3 Ireland...................................................................................................................................................83
6.5 Conclusie.......................................................................................................................................................83
6.5.1 Belangrijke jaartallen............................................................................................................................83
7 Hoofdstuk 7.............................................................................................................................................. 84
7.1 THE ISLAMIC WORLD TRANSFORMED..........................................................................................................84
7.1.1 The Contours of the Mongol Empire....................................................................................................84
7.1.2 An Enduring Sultanate: The Mamluks..................................................................................................85
7.2 A GLOBAL ECONOMY...................................................................................................................................86
7.2.1 New Routes...........................................................................................................................................86
7.2.2 New Money...........................................................................................................................................87
7.2.3 New Inter-City Conflicts........................................................................................................................87
7.3 XENOPHOBIA................................................................................................................................................88
7.4 STRENGTHENED MONARCHS AND THEIR ADAPTATIONS............................................................................89
7.4.1 Spanish Cortes.......................................................................................................................................89
7.4.2 Local Solutions in the Empire...............................................................................................................90
7.4.3 English Parliament................................................................................................................................90
7.4.4 French Monarchs and the “Estates”.....................................................................................................91
7.4.5 New Formations in East Central Europe...............................................................................................92
7.5 THE CHURCH MILITANT, HUMILIATED, AND REVAMPED............................................................................93
7.5.1 The Road to Avignon.............................................................................................................................93
7.5.2 Lay Religiosity.......................................................................................................................................93
7.6 THE SCHOLASTIC SYNTHESIS AND ITS FRAYING...........................................................................................94
7.7 HARMONY AND DISSONANCE IN WRITING, MUSIC, AND ART....................................................................94
7.7.1 Vernacular Literature............................................................................................................................94
7.7.2 The Motet.............................................................................................................................................95
7.7.3 New Currents in Art..............................................................................................................................95
7.8 AN AGE OF SCARCITY?..................................................................................................................................95
7.8.1 Overpopulation, Undersupply..............................................................................................................95
7.8.2 Human Manipulation of Supply and Demand......................................................................................96
7.9 Conclusie.......................................................................................................................................................96
7.9.1 Belangrijke jaartallen............................................................................................................................97
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