College aantekeningen
Lecture Notes Pathology Exam 1
- Instelling
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
This document contains all lecture notes belonging to the first exam. Images with description from the lecture slides are in there as well.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 85 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 85 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
PATHOLOGY SUMMARYCLAIRE SNEL
GEZONDHEID EN LEVEN
VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM
,Inhoudsopgave
HC 1 – Ch 2 cell injury, cell death and adaptations ........................................................................................... 2
HC 2 – Ch 3 inflammation and repair .............................................................................................................. 17
HC 3 – Ch 4 Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, and Shock ............................................................ 27
HC 4 – Ch 5 Disease of the immune system .................................................................................................... 41
Immunopathology part 1: Immune-mediated tissue damage and – dysfunction (‘hypersensitivity’) .............. 41
1. Hypersensitivity type I: allergy ................................................................................................................ 45
2. Antibody mediated (type 2) hypersensitivity .......................................................................................... 47
3. Immune complex mediated (type 3) hypersensitivity ............................................................................. 49
4. (T-) cell mediated (type 4) hypersensitivity ............................................................................................. 51
Immunopathology part 2: Autoimmunity ........................................................................................................ 52
Immunopathology, part 3: Immunodeficiencies............................................................................................... 56
HC 5 – Ch 5 Transplant rejection and Ch 6 Tumor immunology ...................................................................... 60
1. Basic principles of the immune system ........................................................................................................ 60
2. The immune system and organ transplantations (chapter 5) ...................................................................... 62
3. The immune system and cancer (chapter 6: tumor immunology) ................................................................ 65
HC 6 – Ch 6 Neoplasia ..................................................................................................................................... 69
What is cancer: incidence and histopathological characteristics ..................................................................... 69
Cancer causing factors ..................................................................................................................................... 71
Cancer is a DNA disease ................................................................................................................................... 72
Oncogenes ........................................................................................................................................................ 73
Tumor suppressor genes................................................................................................................................... 76
Hallmarks of cancer .......................................................................................................................................... 80
1
,HC 1 – Ch 2 cell injury, cell death and adaptations
What is disease?
- Dysfunction of an organ or tissue because of damage to the cells
- The damage can be of many causes, chemical, thermal, radiation, DNA damage,
microbacterial
- The damaging agent (bacteria, viruses, genetics, radiation) is the etiology, the influence
on and the changes in cellular processes reflect the pathogenesis
Example 1:
– Radiation causes a nucleotide (C) to change into another nucleotide (G)
o Radiation = etiology
– Therefore, a different amino acid will be read which causes a different protein
o The different amino acid and protein = pathogenesis
– Sickle cell disease is caused by a change of one nucleotide which causes a
malfunctioning protein
Example 2:
- Cholera bacteria = not harmful (innocuous)
o Cholera bacteria = etiology
- Produce a toxin which causes diarrhea
- Liters per hour of fluid will be lost
o Toxin = causes pathogenesis of disease
2
, The roll of DNA in pathology
- DNA organized in chromosomes, complex structure that is strictly organized in small
units > when you need it these units can be opened (DNA > RNA > Protein)
- All your cells have all your DNA > not every part of your DNA is approachable and can be
read
- The reading of DNA is the largest part that can go wrong in
your cells
– Everything that is wrong in people, you can track it
back to something that goes wrong in cells
– Lots of cells working together = a community
Amoebe (dictyostelium discoideum) work together when they have little food around >>
multicellular by choice
Multicellular individuals: pros and cons
¤ Internal environment (milieu) is optimised, and thus also attractive for intruders
(indringers) – effective defence is required (immune system)→ INFECTIOUS DISEASES
¤ Organisation & clear division of tasks is mandatory, cell proliferation is needed
because during life you lose a lot of cells >> proliferation must be kept under close
control (you don’t want cells to proliferate when they don’t need to) → CANCER
Cell damage, stress & stressors
1. Disease is caused by damage to (part of) a cell or group of cells (etiology)
2. The initial damage can cause further damage (pathogenesis)
3. The cell/organ reacts to minimize impact of damage (adaptation)
4. Damage can be reversible, lead to adaptation or, ultimately to death of the cell
Adaptation (A) versus cell death (B)
– Heart cell/ muscle cell
– Workload increases for a heart – can increase by high blood pressure
o Heart has to pump against a higher resistance > workload of heart cells
increases
– To counteract (tegengaan) that: the cell can
increase in size: hypertrophy
o All cells will get bigger - organ gets bigger
– When and if the stress is permanent and too
much for the cell to bear > it will die > cell death
o Myocardinfarction: insufficient oxygen in
heartmuscles
3
Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:
Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews
Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!
In een paar klikken geregeld
Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.
Direct to-the-point
Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper clairesnel2. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €9,89. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 68175 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen