HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 1, 2 & 3. Top Questions with accurate answers, graded A+
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HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 1, 2 & 3. Top Questions with accurate answers, graded A+
Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the U.S. than in some Western European nations? - -American medicine lagged behind the advances in medical science, experimental research and
medical ...
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HMGT 3301 EXAM 1 - Chapter 1, 2 & 3.
Top Questions with accurate answers,
graded A+
Why did the professionalization of medicine start later in the U.S. than in some Western European
nations? - ✔✔-American medicine lagged behind the advances in medical science, experimental
research and
medical education and maintained a domestic character because...
(i) Americans had a tendency to neglect research in basic sciences and placed more emphasis on
applied sciences
(ii) American attitudes about medical treatment placed emphasis on natural history and
conservative common sense.
Why did medicine have a domestic, rather than professional, character in the preindustrial era?
How did urbanization change that? - ✔✔-1) Medical Practice was in disarray- Anyone could practice
without restriction or training
2) Medical procedures were primitive- no technical expertise
3) Missing institutional core- no widespread development of hospitals
4) Demand was unstable- low demand due to self-reliance (family folk-remedies), economic
conditions (opportunity cost of transportation), and purchase costs (fee for service)
5) Medical education was substandard-apprenticeship, unrestricted entry, and deficient in
science based training
Urbanization increased reliance on specialized skills of paid professionals because..
a. Distanced people from families and neighborhoods- no more family-based remedies
b. Women began working outside the home- no longer caring for the sick
c. Physicians became less expensive and more accessible- telephones, cars,
roadsreduced opp. cost of time and travel- more affordable
,d. Better geographic proximity of patients and physicians
Which factors explain why the demand for the services of a professional physician was
inadequate in the preindustrial era? How did scientific medicine and technology change that? - ✔✔-
Demand was low because:
- Small rural communities were self-reliant: family care, home folk remedies. Most "physicians" had no
expertise to offer
- Not affordable
- Indirect cost of transportation and opportunity cost of travel (time lost)
- Costs doubled- 2 ppl (physician and emissary) had to make trip back and forth
- Private funds, no insurance- personally pay for fee-for- service
Science and technology led to..
- Increased demand for advanced services - specialized training became necessary and
medicine practice became more professional- no longer provided by families
- Legitimacy and complexity- effectiveness of scientific medicine became widely
recognized
- Cultural Authority- general acceptance of and reliance on the judgement
of members of a profession because of superior knowledge and expertise
- People's lives became increasingly governed by medical decisions made by physicians-
admission to hospital, necessary treatment, prescriptions, granting medical leave,
worker's compensation cases, pre-employment physicals, etc.
How did the emergence of general hospitals strengthen the professional sovereignty of
physicians? - ✔✔-a. Hospitals were dependent on physicians to keep the beds filled- empowered
physicians
and enhanced their dominance because hospitals had to keep them satisfied even
though they were not employed by the hospitals. They had enormous influence over
hospital policy.
,Discuss the relationship of dependency within the context of the medical profession's cultural
and legitimized authority. what role did medical education reform play in galvanizing
professional authority? - ✔✔-Dependency emerged because...
a. Society expects a sick person to seek medical help and try to get well
b. Cultural authority- medical judgements...
i. Legitimize sickness
ii. Exempt the individual from social role obligations i.e. school/work
iii. Provide competent medical care so the person can get well and resume
social role obligations
c. Need for hospital services for critical illness and surgery
d. Referral role, prescriptions
Educational reform further legitimized the profession's authority and galvanized its sovereignty -
upgrade of med-school standards, physicians clear monopoly on the practice of medicine
How did the organized medical profession manage to remain free of control by business firms,
insurance companies, and hospitals until the latter part of the 20 th century? - ✔✔-Individual physicians
who took up practice in corporate setting were castigated by the -
medical profession and pressured to abandon such practices
Legal doctrine in some states- "Corporate practice doctrine"- corporations could not
employ licensed physicians w/o engaging in unlicensed practice of medicine
AMA ("organized medicine")created in 1847-principal goal: advance professionalization,
prestige, and financial well-being of members-
o Strongly resisted national healthcare initiative- lobbying
In general, discuss how technological, social, and economic factors created the need for health
insurance. - ✔✔-Scientific and tech. advances made health care more desirable, but less affordable
Because of its well established healing values- medical care is individually and socially
, desirable
growing demand for medical services
Economic- ppl couldn't predict future needs for medical care or the costs
o Great Depression- 1929- ppl needed protection from economic conseq. of sickness and hospitals
needed protection from economic instability
Which conditions during the WWII period lent support to employer-based health insurance in
the US? - ✔✔-1) To control high inflation in the economy during WWII, congress imposed wage freezes
Employers started offering health insurance in the place of wage increases
- National healthcare=communism (More of a Cold-war influence)
Other reasons (not really WWII related):
2) 1948- supreme court ruled employee benefits (including health insurance) as legitimate part
of union management negotiations-- -- health insurance=employee benefits in postwar era
3) 1954-Congress made employer paid health coverage non-taxable
Discuss why reform efforts to bring in national health insurance have historically failed in U.S. - ✔✔-a.
Organized Medicine
i. AMA and AHA strongly opposed plans for national health care- felt that their
sovereignty was threatened
ii. AMA launched massive campaigns against it- hired public relations firm of
Whitaker and Baxter to launch very expensive lobbying effort-- -- campaign
directly linked national health insurance with communism
b. The Middle Class
i. Beliefs and values (summarized below) represented sentiments of American
Middle class- support was necessary for any broad-based health care reform
c. American Beliefs and values
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