HIEU 322 Final Exam WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

First Triumvirate Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus Pompey Leading Roman general in the late Republic. As a statesman, he spoke poorly and awkwardly, and often fell back on silence because he could think of nothing to say. Main ambition was to be admired as Rome's greatest hero. Marcus Licinius Crassus Was of nobility, and was noted for his ambition and business savvy, particularly in the acquisition of burned property, which he would repair or rebuild for a profit. Put down the rebellion of Spartacus The Consulship of Pompey and Crassus In 70 B.C., both Pompey and Crassus were elected as consuls. 1. Passed a law to restore to the tribunes all powers taken away by Sulla. 2. Proposed a law to restore citizenship to all who had fought under Lepidus and Sertorius. 3. Revived the censorship, dormant since Sulla's time. 4. Successfully supported a law that broke the senatorial monopoly on jury service. The lex Gabinia Enacted in 67 B.C. by the consul Gabinius to appoint Pompey as a centralized commander to combat pirates. 1. The commander's authority, superior to that of the provincial governors, extended over all coastal lands up to 50 Roman miles from the sea. 2. He could draw from the public treasury. 3. He could raise a fleet up to 500 ships, and recruit an army of 120,000 infantry and 5,000 cavalry. Pompey in the eastern Mediterranean 1. Cleaned the Mediterranean of pirates in 40 days. 2. Took Jerusalem in 63 B.C., ending Jewish independence Pompey's victory Victory rested upon: A. His overwhelming superiority of armaments. B. His treatment of captives. Instead of following the usual Roman practice of crucifying or selling them into slavery he resettled those who surrendered on farms or villages in Asia Minor. Julius Caesar (First Triumvirate) Between 59 and 52 B.C. he built an impressive political and military reputation—serving first as consul, and then fighting in the Gallic War. He was smart, unconventional, and bold almost to the point of recklessness. The Breakdown of the First Triumvirate 1. The death of Crassus in Syria in 53 B.C. 2. Pompey- with his geographical proximity to Rome and the rise of gang violence in Rome that he was called upon to put down- believed that he was within reach of being a traditional leader. 3. The death of Pompey's wife (and Caesar's daughter) ended the family connection between Caesar and Pompey. 4. In 50 B.C., the optimates tried to force Caesar from command in Gaul, and commissioned Pompey to lead two legions against him. The death of Crassus in Syria in 53 B.C. Wanting to enhance his military reputation, Crassus attacked the Parthians to his east. Killed at Carrhae Crossing the Rubicon In January 49 B.C., Caesar- claiming to be acting in the defense of the tribunes-- crossed the Rubicon River, and moved toward Rome with his army (6 legions or 30,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry). Marked the beginning of the Roman Civil War. The Roman Civil War, 49-45 B.C. 1. As Caesar marched toward Rome, Pompey's two trained legions- mostly veterans from Caesar's campaigns- abandoned him 2. Occupied Rome and became dictator (December 49 B.C.). 3. The Battle of Pharsalus (August 48 B.C.) 4. Intervened on behalf of Cleopatra in the Egyptian civil war, installing her to power over her brother in 47 B.C. 5. Between 47 and 45 B.C., he dealt with- and defeated-- the supporters of Pompey (including Cato) in Africa and Spain.