AQA AS Psychology – Memory Questions and Answers 100% Pass

AQA AS Psychology – Memory Questions and Answers 100% Pass Coding The format in which information is stored. (How) Who Did Research On Coding? Baddely Baddely's Procedure Four groups were given lists to remember a) acoustically similar words b) acoustically dissimilar words c) semantically similar words d) semantically dissimilar words -They were asked to recall the words some had to immediately (STM) others had to wait 20 minutes (LTM) Result of Baddley's Experiment For STM Confusion between acoustically similar words Result of Baddley's Experiment for LTM Confusion between semantially similar words Conclusions for Baddley's Experiment STM - Acoustic confusion, coded acoustically LTM - Semantic confusion, coded semantically Negative Evaluation of Baddley's Experiment The words used had no personal meaning to the the participants so the stimuli was artificial What is Capacity? Amount of information that can be held. Research for Capacity Jacobs and Miller Method for Jacob's Study Aim - See how much info STM can hold at one time (Digit Span) Research gave a certain number of digits then the PP recalled in correct order. If recalled correctly, amount of digits increased. Determines individuals digit span. Results of Jacob's Study - participants had a mean score of 7.3 letters in order - participants had a mean score of 9.3 numbers in order Negative Evaluation(s) of Jacob's Study This was conducted a long time ago so there was a lack of control on extraneous variables This could mean the results were not valid as there were confounding variables that were not controlled What Did Miller's Study Discover? Instead as keeping the information as individuals, the unit of informaiton can be increased by chunking. What is Miller's Magic Number? 7 +/- 2 (5-9 chunks) What is Duration? Length of time information can be held Who Conducted STM Duration Research? Peterson and Peterson Method for Peterson and Peterson's Study 24 students were given a trigram, as well as a 3 digit number to remember. The student had to count backwards from this number (prevents mental rehearsal) told to stop counting at different seconds (e.g. 3, 9, 18). Results for Peterson and Peterson's Study Amount recalled correctly: 3 seconds - 90% 18 seconds - 5% (Significant difference between them) Conclusion for Peterson and Peterson's Study STM has a very short duration unless it is repeated over and over again(verbal rehearsal) Negative Evaluation of Peterson and Peterson's Study Contains an artificial stimulus trying to remember constant syllabuses does not happen in real life so lacks ecological validity Who Did a Study on Long Term Duration? Bahrick et al. Method of Bahrick's Study Studied nearly 400 participants between 17-74. Recall was tested either by - photo recognition where they name people in the photos from their year book - free recall where they list names they remember from their high school class Results of Bahrick's Study Free recall after 48 years - 30% Free recall after 15 years - 60% Photo recognition after 48 years - 70% Conclusions from Bahrick's Study LTM can last a very long time, potentially a lifetime. Positive Evaluation(s) of Bahrick's Study High external vali