exam 2 APAs Questions and Answers 2023

exam 2 APAs Questions and Answers 2023 This question ties together the South China Morning Post article and Textbook Chapter 2 materials. Refer to the text where it refers to the work of Drs. Ophir, Nass and Wagner from Stanford. Critically evaluate the information provided in that section and tie it together with what you have learned about research methodology. Correlational The author of the article states, "The results showed that the hardened multitaskers did worse: they were easily distracted and coped poorly with switching between tasks. As the researchers put it, frequent multitaskers "have greater difficulty filtering out irrelevant stimuli from their environment". The ability to filter out irrelevant stimuli is associated with the functioning of the ______________ in the brain. Pre-frontal cortex This questions refers to the same section of the article. The author writes that "the results showed that the hardened multitaskers did worse: they were easily distracted and coped poorly with switching between tasks. As the researchers put it, frequent multitaskers "have greater difficulty filtering out irrelevant stimuli from their environment". The heavy multitaskers had the the most trouble with: Controlled processing This question ties together the South China Morning Post article and Textbook Chapters 2 & 4.1 (class+reading) materials. Based on what you know about multitasking from class and the readings, which of the following graphs would best represent the relationship between the amount of self-reported multitasking activity and actual multitasking ability? This question ties together the South China Morning Post article and Textbook Chapters 2 & 4.1 (class+reading) materials. Think again about the relationship between the amount of multitasking and actual multitasking abilities. Some researchers propose that another variable of how hyperactive people are could explain both the amount of multitasking and actual multitasking ability. What methodology concept does this situation best refer to? Third variable problem This question ties together the South China Morning Post article and Textbook Chapters 1 & 4.1 (class+reading) materials. *Select all that apply!* Based on your readings and class discussion, those who are actually the WORST at multitasking will be: -least likely to accurately assess their own multitasking abilities -most likely to engage in the most multitasking activity This question ties together the Pacific Standard article and Textbook Chapter 4.1 (class+reading) materials. Toward the end of the article, Judith Gelertner discusses how the brain aims to "strike a balance between accuracy...and efficiency" with infrequent events like detecting anomalies. Specifically, Dr. Gelertner states, "When a person has seen a lot of a certain pattern, such as law-abiding behavior, the brain might continue to register that pattern, despite what is seen to the contrary, in an attempt to be efficient." What type of processing is Dr. Gelertner's statement best relate to? Automatic processing This question ties together the Pacific Standard article and Textbook Chapter 4.1 (class+reading) materials. Toward the end of the article, Judith Gelertner discusses how the brain aims to "strike a balance between accuracy...and efficiency" with infrequent events like detecting anomalies. Specifically, Dr. Gelertner states, "When a person has seen a lot of a certain pattern, such as law-abiding behavior, the brain might continue to register that pattern, despite what is seen to the contrary, in an attempt to be efficient." She continues to provide a possible solution to the problem. Which of the following is a possible reason why this solution works to increase the accuracy of detecting anomalies? The solution would increase controlled processing by preventing processing from turning automatic. This question ties together the NPR article and Textbook Chapter 5 materials. Toward the end, the author writes, "In other words, what we're thinking about — what we're focused on — filters the world around us so aggressively that it literally shapes what we see. So, Drew says, we need to think carefully about the instructions we give to professional searchers like radiologists or people looking for terrorist activity, because what we tell them to look for will in part determine what they see and don't see." Which concept does this paragraph best relate to? Top-down processing This question ties together the NPR article and Textbook Chapter 2 materials. Refer to the section of the article that begins with "He took a picture of a man in a gorilla suit shaking his fist, and he superimposed that image on a series of slides that radiologists typically look at when they're searching for cancer." This section describes a study that Trafton Drew did with radiologists -- he showed them slides and noted how many of them noticed the gorilla. What type of study design is this example? Descriptive This question ties together the Pacific Standard article, NPR article and Textbook Chapter 4.1 (class+reading) materials. The change blindness examples from the textbook can be distinguished from the examples of inattentional blindness provided in the articles by: The presence of visual disturbance This question is about the Scientific American Mind PDF. Based on what you've read, which of the following statements is FALSE regarding the #1 technique of self-testing? -Being tested on the material is similarly effective for recall as restudying or reviewing the material. -Restudying the material is more effective for recall than being tested on the material. This question ties together the Scientific American Mind PDF and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. For the #1 technique of self-testing, the authors state, "One theory is that practice testing [in working memory] triggers a mental search of long-term memory that activates related information, forming multiple memory pathways that make the information easier to access." This statement best reflects which concept from memory? Spreading activation models This question ties together the Scientific American Mind PDF and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. There are different explanations as to why the #2 technique of distributed practice works. One such proposed explanation is that "When information is encoded in memory, the surrounding context (e.g., what you are thinking of, how you are feeling, how the information is presented, etc.) is also encoded and can later serve as a useful cue for retrieving the information. With massed practice, the context surrounding each consecutive occurrence of an item is likely highly similar. But with distributed practice, the contexts are likely more variable due to the passage of time, resulting in the encoding of different contextual information that is more effective at cueing later retrieval." This explanation best reflects which concept from memory? Encoding specificity principle This question ties together the Scientific American Mind PDF and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. For both of the "Gold Star Winner" techniques, one aspect of why they are thought to be so effective is because learners are forced to repeatedly retrieve and process information from storage. That process of retrieval and processing the information again before moving it back into long-term storage is thought to strengthen that memory each time. What concept from memory does this idea best relate to? Reconsolidation This question ties together the Scientific American Mind PDF and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. For the #3 technique of elaborative interrogation, the author writes about an experimental study. The finding from this experiment is one piece of evidence that best supports which idea from memory? Levels of processing model This question ties together the Scientific American Mind PDF and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. Refer to the section titled "What Doesn't Work". The techniques of highlighting and rereading are NOT considered effective for long-term retention. Based on what you now know about what aids long-term storage, which of the following statements best explains why these techniques are ineffective? They do not encourage elaborative rehearsal which connects new material to knowledge from long-term memory. This question ties together the TED Talk and Textbook Chapter 3 & 7 materials. Joshua Foer mentions a study done by researchers at University College London (around 7 minutes). Based on the results of the study that he pointed out, which lobe(s) were more activated for memory champions than typical individuals? Parietal and temporal This question ties together the TED Talk and Textbook Chapter 2 materials. Refer again to the section of the talk where Joshua Foer mentions a study done by researchers at University College London (around 7 minutes until 8 minutes). Carefully listen to the entire description of the study and its results. What type of design was this study? Correlational This question ties together the TED Talk and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. Joshua Foer discusses a technique known as the memory palace (beginning at 11 minutes). Strategies like the memory palace that uses elaborative encoding, retrieval cues, and imagery to improve recall is known as: mnemonics. This question ties together the TED Talk and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. Joshua Foer discusses the Baker/baker paradox at around 9 minutes. Listen carefully to this discussion. This discussion highlights the use of ___________ in order to create _________________ which is how we theorize our long-term memories are organized. elaborative rehearsal; networks of associations This question ties together the TED Talk and Textbook Chapter 7 materials. After 16 minutes in, Joshua Foer shows the audience a photo of his "standard competitive memorizer's training kit" and mentions that "distraction is the competitive memorizer's greatest enemy." Whenever people get distracted, attention and cognitive resources are diverted from a task at hand and leads to errors in performance in some way. One of the proposed reasons why distractions to attentional focus impairs performance is because they compromise: Working memory This question ties together the TED talk and Textbook Chapter 1 materials. Joshua Klein begins the talk discussing how different species like insects and rats adapt to their changing environments over generations. Consider this discussion in relation to the different schools of thought in the foundations of psychological science. This discussion best aligns with which foundation of psychology? Functionalism This question ties together the TED talk and Textbook Chapter 6 materials. At around 3:50, Joshua Klein references crows eating the fish or bait on the fishermen's lines. To be more specific, crows are more likely to engage in the same behavior as the fishermen (i.e., reeling up the lines) because they see that this behavior results in something desirable (i.e., delicious fish). Which concept does this scenario best represent? Vicarious learning This question ties together the TED talk and Textbook Chapter 2 materials. Joshua Klein refers to researchers doing studies on crows at the University of Washington. In one of these studies, crows were exposed to "dangerous" masks worn by researchers that had trapped them at various trapping sites and "neutral" masks never worn at any of the trapping sites. Researchers randomly assigned these masks to volunteers who were blind to the masks' histories and asked them to visit the trapping sites. Researchers then noted how many crows "yelled" at the volunteers in each of the masks. Which of the following represents the best reason why researchers kept the volunteers blind to the masks' histories? To prevent volunteers from having expectancy effects. This question ties together the TED talk and Textbook Chapter 6 materials. Like Joshua Klein's entire discussion of the crows learning how to use the "vending machine", sometimes humans or animals don't do the behaviors you want to reward. In order to learn these behaviors, you would need to go through a process of _____________ which is a part of _____________. shaping; operant conditioning