Racial And Ethnic Groups 14th Edition By Schaefer - Test Bank

Chapter 3 – Discrimination Quick Quiz Multiple Choice Questions 1. Jonathan is publicly attacked because of his sexual orientation. This is an example of a(n) ________. a. white-collar crime b. crime against morality c. organized crime d. hate crime Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_01_Hate Crimes_Apply_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 61 2. Which of the following is true of institutional discrimination? a. It refers to the efforts and programs that suggest special treatment of women or racial minorities. b. It imposes more hindrances on certain racial and ethnic groups than it does to others. c. It discriminates against members of the dominant group. d. It is the inability of racial minorities to move laterally in organizations. Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_02_Institutional Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 64 3. ________ refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance. a. Environmental justice b. Affirmative action c. Intergenerational equity d. Environmental pluralism Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_03_Environmental Justice_Remember_LO 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.6: Discuss environmental justice. Topic: Environmental Justice Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 71 4. The effort to recruit members of subordinate groups for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities is called ________. a. institutional discrimination b. affirmative action c. relative deprivation d. occupational segregation Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_04_Affirmative Action_Remember_ LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 72 5. What is reverse discrimination? a. The charge that women are discriminated against in employment practices. b. The charge that affirmative action discriminates against dominant group members. c. The charge that law enforcement officers belonging to majority groups discriminate against others. d. The charge that employees in senior management positions exploit those in lower levels of the organizational hierarchy. Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_05_Reverse Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 76 6. Which of the following would prevent women from laterally switching jobs within the same company? a. glass ceilings b. glass cliffs c. glass walls d. glass escalators Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_06_The Glass Ceiling_Understand _LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 79 Short Answer Questions 7. ________ implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist. Answer: Absolute deprivation Question Title: TB_03_07_Understanding Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 60 8. ________ refers to overt acts of individual Whites against individual Blacks. Answer: Individual discrimination Question Title: TB_03_08_Institutional Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 63 9. The pattern of discrimination against people trying to buy homes in minority or racially changing neighborhoods is called ________. Answer: redlining Question Title: TB_03_09_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 68 Multiple Choice Questions 10. ________ refers to the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. a. Affirmative action b. Cultural assimilation c. Relative deprivation d. Xenocentrism Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_10_Understanding Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 60 11. Dominant group members tend to have better material comforts and more political freedom than minority groups. Sociologists refer to this type of inequality as ________. a. total deprivation b. relative deprivation c. ethnocentrism d. prejudice Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_11_Understanding Discrimination_Understand__LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 60 12. An immigrant group has access to better opportunities and comforts than it had in its home country. However, in comparison with dominant groups in its present country, it feels underprivileged. In this case, the immigrant group is experiencing ________. a. relative deprivation b. self-stereotyping c. community cohesion d. absolute deprivation Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_12_Understanding Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 60 13. Berko, who works as a sales executive at ABZ Pharmaceuticals, has proved to be one of the best sales representatives in his team. However, regardless of performance, he was passed over for a promotion because he was a part of the cultural minority in the organization. In this scenario, Berko has experienced ________. a. cultural relativism b. discrimination c. absolute deprivation d. affirmative action Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_13_Understanding Discrimination_Apply__LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 60 14. An ordinary crime is defined as a(n) ________ when offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic—for example, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability—and provide evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the crime. a. crime against morality b. bias crime c. inchoate crime d. organized crime Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_14_Hate Crimes_Remember_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 61 15. The ________ became a law in 1990 and created a national mandate to identify bias crimes. a. Civil Rights Act b. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act c. Hate Crime Statistics Act d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_15_Hate Crimes_Remember_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 61 16. The motivation for the bias in most hate crimes is ________. a. age b. race c. sexual orientation d. disability Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_16_Hate Crimes_Remember_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 61–62 17. Which of the following is true of hate groups? a. They direct their crimes toward those who are relatively powerless. b. Their existence on the World Wide Web is close to negligible. c. Their crimes are limited to minority religious groups. d. A majority of their crimes are anti-White. Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_17_Hate Crimes_Understand_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 62 18. What is institutional discrimination? a. the denial of opportunities based on prejudice and hate b. the process by which individuals perceive their own abilities as superior than those of others c. the process by which organizations of society differentiate against the people of minority groups d. the distribution of people based on various demographic characteristics such as gender, age, ethnicity, and location, within occupations Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_18_Institutional Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 63 19. ________ is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. a. Essentialism b. Eliminationism c. Occupational segregation d. Institutional discrimination Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_19_Institutional Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 63 20. Civil rights activist Carmichael and political scientist Hamilton introduced the concept of ________ to refer to covert acts committed collectively against an entire group. a. pluralism b. institutional discrimination c. color-blind racism d. institutional racism Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_20_Institutional Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 63 21. According to Carmichael and Hamilton, ________ can take place without an individual intending to deprive others of privileges and even without the individual being aware that others are being deprived. a. pluralism b. anti-Semitism c. color-blind racism d. institutional racism Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_21_Institutional Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 63 22. Which of the following is an example of institutional discrimination? a. a job that places a blanket exclusion on hiring people with felony records b. a sales job that requires employees to be fluent in the local language c. a job that does not permit children to accompany parents to the workplace d. a job that has an equal number of holidays for employees of all ethnicities Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_22_Institutional Discrimination_Apply_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 63 23. Many Baltonian men were effectively barred from serving in the police department of Rhodia because they failed to meet the minimum height requirement. The height requirement in no way helped perform the job effectively and favored White men in securing positions in the department. This is an example of ________. a. occupational segregation b. reverse discrimination c. institutional discrimination d. group libel Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_23_Institutional Discrimination_Apply_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 63 24. Which of the following terms refers to racist outcomes that become so widespread that minority groups endure them as a part of everyday life? a. woodwork racism b. environmental racism c. scientific racism d. symbolic racism Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_24_Institutional Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 63 25.________ constitute the group with the highest median income in the U.S. a. White women b. Asian men c. Black women d. White men Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_25_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 65 26. Which of the following is true of earning members of different groups? a. The median income of Asian American men is lesser than that of White males. b. Women with a master’s degree earn more than men with a bachelor’s degree. c. Men earn a higher annual income than women regardless of race or ethnicity. d. The median incomes of Hispanic men and White men are the same. Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_26_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 66 27. For married couples working in the same firm, company policies provide a higher number of leaves to the mother than the father in the event of childbirth. This results in lost work opportunities and lesser chances of promotion for the woman. This policy is an example of ________. a. prejudice b. de facto segregation c. sex discrimination d. eliminationism Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_27_Discrimination Today_Apply_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 66 28. A firm promotes men to higher positions than women despite women performing better at the workplace. This is because the company believes that women need to balance tasks at home and work, which makes it difficult for them to take up positions of increased responsibility. This is an example of ________. a. reverse discrimination b. affirmative action c. the self-fulfilling prophecy d. sex discrimination Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_28_Discrimination Today_Apply_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 66 29. Which of the following has been the key driver for initiatives to end discrimination? a. action by the federal government b. laws passed by individual states c. resistance to inequality by subordinate groups d. efforts made by the media to eradicate racial discrimination Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_29_Discrimination Today_Understand_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 67 30. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to the establishment of the ________. a. Glass Ceiling Commission (GCC) b. Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC) c. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) d. Affirmative Action Board (AAB) Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_30_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 67 31. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was given the power to ________. a. ensure that employees have a work environment free from recognized hazards b. investigate complaints against employers c. make recommendations to the President d. ensure that employees do not work more than the maximum number of hours established by the Commission Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_31_Discrimination Today_Understand _LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 67 32. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 applied to any businesses with more than ________ employees. a. 50 b. 250 c. 100 d. 25 Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_32_Discrimination Today_Remember _LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 68 33. Redlining refers to the pattern of ________. a. racial profiling by law enforcement agencies b. racial groups to be employed in different occupations from each other c. IQ tests favoring middle-class children, especially the White and Hispanic middle class d. discrimination against those trying to buy homes in racially changing localities Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_33_Discrimination Today_Understand_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 68 34. Joanne and Richard are both single parents looking for housing in a certain neighborhood. Joanne is consistently quoted higher rents than Richard. If Joanne is being redlined, it is because she differs from Richard in terms of ________. a. race b. income level c. age d. occupation Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_34_Discrimination Today_Apply_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 68 35. Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences regarding redlining. She states, “I was treated differently when lenders and real estate agents realized that I was an African American.” Which of the following is most likely to have occurred before they realized that she was an African American? a. She was asked fewer questions about her finances. b. She was considered a “risk” due to her financial situation. c. She experienced unkept appointments. d. She was quoted higher rents compared to people of other ethnicities. Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_35_Discrimination Today_Apply_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 68 36. Patricia J. Williams, an African American academic, writes about her experiences regarding redlining. She states, “I was treated differently when lenders and real estate agents realized that I was an African American.” Which of the following is most likely to have occurred after they realized that she was an African American? a. She was shown better properties than those shown to people of other ethnicities. b. She was offered less expensive loans than White home buyers. c. She was quoted lower rents compared to people of other ethnicities. d. She was shown fewer units than White people. Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_36_Discrimination Today_Apply_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 68 37. In 1987, the Supreme Court ruled in two cases that any member of an ethnic minority may sue under federal prohibitions against discrimination. These two cases involved ________. a. an Iraqi American professor and a Hispanic American b. a Jewish rabbi and an African American minister c. an Iraqi American professor and a Jewish congregation d. a Buddhist and a Jewish congregation Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_37_Discrimination Today_Remember_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 68 38. In which of the following Supreme Court rulings did the court affirm that victims had to file a formal complaint within 180 days of the alleged discrimination? a. New York State Clubs Assoc. v. City of New York b. Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. c. Gratz v. Bollinger d. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_38_Discrimination Today_Remember _LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 69 39. Two years into her new job, Paula finds that her salary is considerably lesser than that of her male colleagues at similar positions. She can seek redress for this disparity in pay even after 180 days under the ________. a. Statutory Pay-As-You-Go Act b. Employment Non-Discrimination Act c. Equal Pay Act of 1963 d. Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_39_Discrimination Today_Apply_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 69 40. Which of the following statements is true of wealth inequality? a. The wealth gap between White households and Black and Latino households is decreasing. b. Black children are more likely to surpass their parents’ income than White children. c. Well-off Black Americans are more likely to have acquired knowledge from their parents about how to invest wisely. d. The median wealth of White households is 20 times that of Black households. Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_40_Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy_Understand_LO 3.5 Learning Objective: 3.5: Illustrate how wealth inequality is discrimination’s legacy. Topic: Wealth Inequality: Discrimination’s Legacy Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 71 41. Which of the following best describes the term environmental justice? a. the rights of all communities to receive protection from the threat of hazardous waste b. equal access to parkland recreation programs to people of all ethnicities, regardless of race c. efforts to ensure that Native American lands are free from misuse d. the rights of Green parties to appear on ballots Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_41_Environmental Justice_Understand_LO 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.6: Discuss environmental justice. Topic: Environmental Justice Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 71 42. Which of the following statements about environmental justice is true? a. Issues of environmental justice are limited to metropolitan areas. b. There is a higher probability that White communities lack the resources to tackle environmental problems. c. Low-income communities are more likely to be adjacent to waste sites. d. Native American reservation land is protected from environmental abuse. Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_42_Environmental Justice_Understand_LO 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.6: Discuss environmental justice. Topic: Environmental Justice Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 72 43. Which of the following terms refers to the positive effort to recruit minority group members or women for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities? a. affirmative action b. occupational segregation c. xenocentrism d. essentialism Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_43_Affirmative Action_Remember_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 72 44. The phrase affirmative action first appeared in an executive order issued by President ________. a. John F. Kennedy b. Lyndon B. Johnson c. Richard Nixon d. Gerald Ford Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_44_Affirmative Action_Remember_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 72 45. In the ________ case, the Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional for universities to adopt flexible admission programs that use race as one factor in making decisions. a. Brown b. Johnson c. Weber d. Bakke Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_45_Affirmative Action_Remember_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 73 46. In 2013, the Supreme Court made a ruling in the Davis v. University of Texas at Austin case that ________. a. the college must show compelling evidence that racial preferences are justified as one of the admissions criteria b. race cannot be used in the admissions formula for undergraduates at the University of Texas c. White professors may bring reverse discrimination claims against Court-approved affirmative action plans d. standardized academic tests or criteria must not be geared to the cultural norms of White students Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_46_Affirmative Action_Understand_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 74 47. In states that have been barred from using race explicitly in admissions, ________. a. enrolment of White students has lowered b. students from minority groups are performing better academically c. there has been no change in minority enrollment rates d. Black and Latino enrollment has dropped Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_47_Affirmative Action_Understand_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 74 48. Government actions often cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men. This is an example of ________. a. ethnocentrism b. reverse discrimination c. xenocentrism d. racial integration Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_48_Reverse Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 76 49. Opponents of affirmative action argue that the use of quotas for minority groups in hiring practices leads to ________. a. reverse discrimination b. attributional ambiguity c. economic discrimination d. naturalization Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_49_Reverse Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 76 50. In the 2009 ________ case, the Supreme Court decided in favor of White firefighters that many saw as recognizing reverse racism. a. Metro Broadcasting v. FCC b. Gratz v. Bollinger c. Ricci v. DeStefano d. Griggs v. Duke Power Co. Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_50_Reverse Discrimination_Remember_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 76 51. Which of the following refers to the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership? a. the glass ceiling b. the second shift c. redlining d. de jure segregation Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_51_The Glass Ceiling_Remember_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 77 52. Which of the following best describes the term glass ceiling? a. attitudinal bias experienced by subordinate-group members that prevents them from reaching their full potential b. the idea that women will subject men to the same treatment that they have been subjected to over the years c. the male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women d. the distribution of people based upon demographic characteristics both across and within occupations and jobs Answer: a Question Title: TB_03_52_The Glass Ceiling_Understand_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 77 53. Anita Juarez, a Mexican American woman, works in the public relations department of a firm. Though she is promoted quickly within her department, her attempts to move into the marketing department and to key executive positions are not approved by the management. This is an example of ________. a. reverse discrimination b. a glass wall c. affirmative action d. a glass cliff Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_53_The Glass Ceiling_Apply_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 79 54. At the workplace, women and racial and ethnic minorities face ________ that keep them from moving laterally to jobs that might lead to broader experience. a. glass cliffs b. glass escalators c. glass ceilings d. glass walls Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_54_The Glass Ceiling_Understand_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 79 55. Dominique works at the human resources department in a software product development firm. She finds that her efforts to work in a position at the sales department are consistently blocked, even though she is qualified for the job. This is an example of ________ existing in the organization. a. economic discrimination b. a glass escalator c. a glass cliff d. a glass wall Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_55_The Glass Ceiling_Apply_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 79 56. Gerard and Zoya work as teachers at an elementary school. Even though they are equally qualified, Gerard is being assigned more responsibilities and eventually becomes the school principal while Zoya continues to work as a teacher. This is an example of ________ existing in the educational institution. a. occupational segregation b. the glass escalator c. the glass wall d. the double burden Answer: b Question Title: TB_03_56_The Glass Ceiling_Apply_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 79 57. The ________ refers to the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women. a. glass ceiling b. glass cliff c. glass wall escalator Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_57_The Glass Ceiling_Underastand_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 79 58. Which of the following indicates the prevalence of a glass wall? a. women being expected to find a fine balance between work outside the home and childcare and housework b. men who enter female-dominated occupations being rewarded frequently with promotions and positions of responsibility c. groups that reject assimilation and promote coexistence and pluralism d. women being placed in support positions that reflect their stereotypical helping nature Answer: d Question Title: TB_03_58_The Glass Ceiling_Understand_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 79 59. Which of the following best describes the term glass wall? a. the obstacles faced by people who enter the fields of law and medicine b. the obstacles faced by majority groups, especially White men as a result of affirmative action c. the barriers to horizontal movement faced by minority groups that may help in job advancement d. the discrimination faced by customers who belong to subordinate groups Answer: c Question Title: TB_03_59_The Glass Ceiling_Remember_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 79 Essay Questions 60. Explain the difference between absolute and relative deprivation as applied to the experiences of minority groups in America. Answer: Relative deprivation is defined as the conscious experience of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. After settling in the United States, immigrants often enjoy better material comforts and more political freedom than was possible in their old countries. If they compare themselves with most other people in the United States, however, they will feel deprived because, although their standards have improved, the immigrants still perceive relative deprivation. Absolute deprivation, on the other hand, implies a fixed standard based on a minimum level of subsistence below which families should not be expected to exist. Discrimination does not necessarily mean absolute deprivation. A Japanese American who is promoted to a management position may still be a victim of discrimination if he or she had been passed over for years because of corporate reluctance to place an Asian American in a highly visible position. Question Title: TB_03_60_Understanding Discrimination_Analyze It_LO 3.1 Learning Objective: 3.1: Distinguish between relative and absolute deprivation. Topic: Understanding Discrimination Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 60 61. What is a hate crime? Why do hate crimes carry harsher penalties? Answer: The government defines an ordinary crime as a hate crime when offenders are motivated to choose a victim because of some characteristic—for example, race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, or disability—and provide evidence that hatred prompted them to commit the crime. Hate crimes also are sometimes referred to as bias crimes. While many non-hate crimes may include a motivation of hatred toward an individual or organization, a hate or bias crime toward a minority is intended to carry a message well beyond the individual victim. When a person is assaulted because they are gay or lesbian, the act is meant to terrorize all gay and lesbians. Vandalizing a mosque or synagogue is meant to warn all Muslims or Jews that they are not wanted and their religious faith is considered inferior. In many respects, today’s hate crimes are like the terrorist efforts of the Ku Klux Klan of generations ago. Targets may be randomly selected, but the group being terrorized is carefully chosen. In many jurisdictions, having a crime being classified as a hate crime can increase the punishment. For example, a misdemeanor like vandalism can be increased to a felony. A felony that is a hate crime can carry a greater prison sentence. These sanctions were upheld by the Supreme Court in the 1993 decision Mitchell v. Wisconsin, which recognized that greater harm may be done by hate-motivated crimes. Question Title: TB_03_61_Hate Crimes_Understand_LO 3.2 Learning Objective: 3.2: Define hate crimes. Topic: Hate Crimes Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 –Moderate Page Reference: 61–62 62. How does institutional discrimination differ from individual discrimination? Provide three examples of institutional discrimination. Answer: Institutional discrimination is the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that results from the normal operations of a society. Civil rights activist Stokely Carmichael and political scientist Charles Hamilton are credited with introducing the concept of institutional racism. Individual discrimination refers to overt acts of individual Whites against individual Blacks; Carmichael and Hamilton reserved the term institutional racism for covert acts committed collectively against an entire group. From this perspective, discrimination can take place without an individual intending to deprive others of privileges and even without the individual being aware that others are being deprived. A few documented examples of institutional discrimination follow: 1. Standards for assessing credit risks work against African Americans and Hispanics who seek to establish businesses because many lack conventional credit references. Businesses in low-income areas where these groups often reside also have much higher insurance costs. 2. IQ testing favors middle-class children, especially the White middle class, because of the types of questions included. 3. The entire criminal justice system, from the patrol officer to the judge and jury, is dominated by Whites who find it difficult to understand life in poverty areas. Question Title: TB_03_62_Institutional Discrimination_Analyze It_LO 3.3 Learning Objective: 3.3: Summarize how institutions discriminate. Topic: Institutional Discrimination Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 63 Additional Essay Questions 63. Discuss how the Civil Rights Act of 1964 attempted to eradicate discrimination. Answer: The most important legislative effort to eradicate discrimination was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act led to the establishment of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), which had the power to investigate complaints against employers and to recommend action to the Department of Justice. If the justice department sued and discrimination was found, then the court could order appropriate compensation. The act covered employment practices of all businesses with more than 25 employees and nearly all employment agencies and labor unions. A 1972 amendment broadened the coverage to employers with as few as 15 employees. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited discrimination in public accommodations— that is, hotels, motels, restaurants, gasoline stations, and amusement parks. Publicly owned facilities such as parks, stadiums, and swimming pools were also prohibited from discriminating. Another important provision forbade discrimination in all federally supported programs and institutions such as hospitals, colleges, and road construction projects. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was not perfect. Since 1964, several acts and amendments to the original act have been added to cover the many areas of discrimination it left untouched, such as criminal justice and housing. Question Title: TB_03_63_Discrimination Today_Understand_LO 3.4 Learning Objective: 3.4: Describe how discrimination can be documented today. Topic: Discrimination Today Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 67–68 64. What is meant by the term environmental justice? Provide examples to explain environmental discrimination. Answer: Environmental justice refers to the efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of race or socioeconomic circumstance. Low-income communities and areas with significant minority populations are more likely to be adjacent to waste sites, landfills, incinerators, and polluting factories than are affluent White communities. Studies in California show the higher probability that people of color live closer to sources of air pollution. Another study concluded that grade schools in Florida nearer to environmental hazards are disproportionately Black or Latino. People of color jeopardized by environmental problems also lack the resources and political muscle to do something about it. Another continuing problem is abuse of Native American reservation land. Many American Indian leaders are concerned that tribal lands are too often regarded as toxic waste dumping grounds that go to the highest bidder. On the other hand, the economic devastation faced by some tribes in isolated areas has led one tribe in Utah to seek out becoming a depot for discarded nuclear waste. Question Title: TB_03_64_Environmental Justice_Apply_LO 3.6 Learning Objective: 3.6: Discuss environmental justice. Topic: Environmental Justice Skill Level: Apply What You Know Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 71–72 65. What was affirmative action as a social program intended to accomplish? Has it been successful? Answer: Affirmative action has been viewed as an important tool for reducing institutional discrimination. Whereas previous efforts were aimed at eliminating individual acts of discrimination, federal measures under the heading of affirmative action have been aimed at procedures that deny equal opportunities, even if they are not intended to be overtly discriminatory. This policy has been implemented to deal with both current discrimination and past discrimination. It is difficult to answer whether affirmative action has actually helped alleviate employment on the basis of race and gender, given the complexity of the labor market and the fact that other anti-discrimination measures are in place, but it does appear that affirmative action has had a significant impact in the sectors where it has been applied. Sociologist Barbara Reskin reviewed available studies looking at workforce composition in terms of race and gender in light of affirmative action policies. She found that gains in minority employment could be attributed to affirmative action policies. This includes firms mandated to follow affirmative action guidelines and those that took them on voluntarily. There is also evidence that some earnings gains can be attributed to affirmative action. Economists M. V. Lee Badgett and Heidi Hartmann, reviewing 26 other research studies, came to similar conclusions: Affirmative action and other federal compliance programs have had a modest impact, but it is difficult to assess, given larger economic changes such as recessions or the rapid increase in women in the paid labor force. Question Title: TB_03_65_Affirmative Action_Understand_LO 3.7 Learning Objective: 3.7: Explain affirmative action. Topic: Affirmative Action Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 72–76 66. What is reverse discrimination? Does the latest data support that White men experience discrimination on the basis of race? Answer: Although researchers debated the merit of affirmative action, the public—particularly Whites but also some affluent African Americans and Hispanics—questioned the wisdom of the program. Particularly strident were the charges of reverse discrimination: that government actions cause better-qualified White men to be bypassed in favor of women and minority men. Reverse discrimination is an emotional term, because it conjures up the notion that somehow women and minorities will subject White men in the United States to the same treatment received by minorities during the last three centuries. Such cases are not unknown, but they are uncommon. Increasingly, critics of affirmative action call for color-blind policies that would end affirmative action and, they argue, allow all people to be judged fairly. According to the latest data, 40 percent of applicants who are children of Harvard’s alumni, who are almost all White, are admitted to the university, compared to 11 percent of nonalumni children. Supporters of affirmative action contend that as long as businesses rely on informal social networks, personal recommendations, and family ties, White men will have a distinct advantage built on generations of being in positions of power. Furthermore, an end to affirmative action should also mean an end to the many programs that give advantages to certain businesses, homeowners, veterans, farmers, and others. Most of these preference holders are White. Question Title: TB_03_66_Reverse Discrimination_Understand_LO 3.8 Learning Objective: 3.8: Analyze reverse discrimination. Topic: Reverse Discrimination Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 76 67. Define and differentiate among glass ceilings, glass walls, and glass escalators. Answer: As subordinate-group members are able to compete successfully, they sometimes encounter attitudinal or organizational bias that prevents them from reaching their full potential. In such a scenario, they have confronted what has come to be called the glass ceiling. This refers to the barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority membership. Often, people entering nontraditional areas of employment become marginalized and are made to feel uncomfortable, much like the situation of immigrants who feel like they are part of two cultures. Reasons for glass ceilings are as many as the occurrences. It may be that one Black or one woman vice president is regarded as enough, so the second potential candidate faces a block to movement up through management. Decision makers may be concerned that their clientele will not trust them if they have too many people of color or may worry that a talented woman could become overwhelmed with her duties as a mother and wife and thus perform poorly in the workplace. Glass ceilings are not the only barriers. Glass walls also block minorities. Catalyst, a nonprofit research organization, conducted interviews in 1992 and again in 2001 with senior and middle managers from larger corporations. The study found that even before glass ceilings are encountered, women and racial and ethnic minorities face glass walls that keep them from moving laterally. Specifically, the study found that women tend to be placed in staff or support positions in areas such as public relations and human resources and are often directed away from jobs in core areas such as marketing, production, and sales. Women are assigned to and, therefore, trapped in jobs that reflect their stereotypical helping nature and encounter glass walls that cut off access to jobs that might lead to broader experience and advancement. Researchers have documented a differential impact the glass ceiling has on White males. It appears that men who enter traditionally female occupations are more likely to rise to the top. Male elementary teachers become principals, and male nurses become supervisors. The glass escalator refers to the White male advantage experienced in occupations dominated by women. Question Title: TB_03_67_The Glass Ceiling_Analyze It_LO 3.9 Learning Objective: 3.9: Put into your own words the glass ceiling. Topic: The Glass Ceiling Skill Level: Analyze It Difficulty Level: 3 – Difficult Page Reference: 77–79 Chapter 1 – Exploring Race and Ethnicity Quick Quiz Multiple Choice Questions 1. In sociology, minority refers to the ________ group. a. dominant b. subordinate c. ruling d. sovereign Answer: b Question Title: TB_01_01_Ranking Groups_Remember_LO 1.1 Learning Objective: 1.1: Explain how groups are ranked. Topic: Ranking Groups Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 4 2. Which of the following statements is true of gender groups? a. Women are physically indistinguishable. b. Membership in gender groups is involuntary. c. Men are lowered to the position of the social minority. d. Women encounter prejudice and discrimination. Answer: d Question Title: TB_01_02_Types of Groups_Understand_LO 1.2 Learning Objective: 1.2: Describe the different types of groups. Topic: Types of Groups Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 8 3. The sociohistorical process by which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed is known as ________. a. racial formation b. ethnocentrism c. stratification d. racial labeling Answer: a Question Title: TB_01_03_Does Race Matter?_Remember_LO 1.3 Learning Objective: 1.3: Explain what is meant by race being socially constructed. Topic: Does Race Matter? Skill Level: Remember the Facts Difficulty Level: 1 – Easy Page Reference: 11 4. The racial and ethnic landscape is subject to change and different interpretations because ________. a. it is constructed socially b. it is conceived naturally c. it is culturally homogeneous d. it stagnates racial formation Answer: a Question Title: TB_01_04_Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I?_Understand_LO 1.4 Learning Objective: 1.4: Define biracial and multiracial identity. Topic: Biracial and Multiracial Identity: Who Am I? Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 11 5. The conflict perspective is viewed as more radical and activist than functionalism because ________. a. conflict theorists overlook economic disparity b. conflict theorists emphasize social change c. conflict theorists consider the redistribution of resources as unimportant d. conflict theorists underline social stability Answer: b Question Title: TB_01_05_Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity_Understand_LO 1.5 Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe how sociology helps us understand race and ethnicity. Topic: Sociology and the Study of Race and Ethnicity Skill Level: Understand the Concepts Difficulty Level: 2 – Moderate Page Reference: 15 6. According to the spectrum of intergroup status, which of the following relationships is largely unacceptable to the subordinate group?