Samenvatting
Samenvatting blok 6 Introductie statistische methoden
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
Samenvatting van de (werk)colleges en opdrachten.
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Sabine van Rooy
,Inhoud
Week 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 4
College: .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Deel 1: beschrijven en samenvatten van 1 variabele ............................................................. 4
Deel 2: beschrijven en samenvatten van de relatie tussen 2 kwantitatieve variabelen ..... 5
Seminar 1.1 ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Seminar 1.2 ..................................................................................................................................... 14
Week 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 20
College ............................................................................................................................................. 20
Deel 1: .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Deel 2: .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Seminar 2.1: Statistical concepts to be discussed: RR vs. OR, Cross table, expected
values, chi-square statistic ............................................................................................................ 27
Uitleg in de les:............................................................................................................................ 33
Seminar 2.2 Statistical concepts to be discussed: central limit theorem, confidence interval
........................................................................................................................................................... 34
Aantekeningen uit de les: .......................................................................................................... 37
Week 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 39
College ............................................................................................................................................. 39
Deel 1: Hypothesis testing for one sample problem .............................................................. 39
Deel 2: .......................................................................................................................................... 42
Seminar 3.1: testing hypotheses, type I and type II error, statistical power, p-value ........... 48
Uitleg les: ..................................................................................................................................... 51
Seminar 3.2: one sample t-test, paired samples t-test, two or more independent samples t-
test, multiple comparison problem, t-test statistic ...................................................................... 52
Uitleg les: ..................................................................................................................................... 59
Week 4 ................................................................................................................................................. 60
College ............................................................................................................................................. 60
Deel 1: Hypothesis testing for two (quantitative) variables .................................................. 60
Deel 2: Hypothesis testing for two categorical variables ...................................................... 63
Seminar 4.1 ..................................................................................................................................... 64
Uitleg les: ..................................................................................................................................... 68
Seminar 4.2 ..................................................................................................................................... 70
Uitleg les: ..................................................................................................................................... 71
Course notes ....................................................................................................................................... 72
Types of variables. ......................................................................................................................... 72
1.2. Summarizing data ................................................................................................................... 73
1
, 1.2.1. Frequency distribution/table. .......................................................................................... 73
1.2.2. Bar Chart ........................................................................................................................... 73
1.2.3. Histogram Bar charts ...................................................................................................... 73
1.2.4. Grouping ........................................................................................................................... 73
1.3. Theoretic distribution, measures of tendency and Pearson correlation ......................... 74
1.3.1. Theoretic distribution. ...................................................................................................... 74
1.3.2. Measure of central tendency (average, median, modus). ......................................... 75
1.3.3. Measure of spread (variance, standard deviation). .................................................... 76
1.3.4. Normal distribution........................................................................................................... 76
1.3.5. Measure of association: Pearson correlation .............................................................. 76
2.1. Dependent variable continuous: correlation and regression analysis ............................ 77
2.1.1. An application of the (Pearson) correlation ................................................................. 77
2.1.2 An introduction to simple linear regression modeling ................................................. 78
2.1.3. R-square ........................................................................................................................... 81
2.1.4 Interaction .......................................................................................................................... 81
2.2. Dependent variable qualitative: Cross-table analysis ....................................................... 83
2.2.1. Introduction to cross-table analysis .............................................................................. 83
1.2.1.1. Relative risk ................................................................................................................... 83
1.2.1.2. Odds ratio ...................................................................................................................... 84
1.2.1.3. Chi-square ..................................................................................................................... 84
3.1. From sample to population .................................................................................................... 85
3.2. Sampling distribution .............................................................................................................. 86
3.3. Central limit theorem .............................................................................................................. 87
3.4: Confidence interval ................................................................................................................. 88
3.5. Testing based on a confidence interval ............................................................................... 89
3.6. The concept of hypotheses testing ...................................................................................... 89
3.7. Type I and Type II error rate ................................................................................................. 89
3.8. Testing null-hypothesis with p-value .................................................................................... 89
3.9. Three different ways of testing a null-hypothesis............................................................... 90
3.9.1. Confidence interval approach ........................................................................................ 90
3.9.2. Test-statistic approach .................................................................................................... 90
3.9.3. p-value approach ............................................................................................................. 91
3.10. Application of inferential statistics ...................................................................................... 91
3.10.1. One-sample problem .................................................................................................... 91
3.10.2. Dependent samples problem ....................................................................................... 92
3.10.3. Independent samples problem .................................................................................... 93
2
, 3.10.4. More than two independent samples problem .......................................................... 94
3.11. What determines the width of a confidence interval ? .................................................... 96
4.1. Testing significance of sample regression parameters ..................................................... 97
4.2. Similarity between two independent-samples t-test and linear regression .................... 98
4.3. Testing significance using Chi-square statistics in a Cross-table analysis .................... 99
Nuttige info vanuit de oefentoetsen: .............................................................................................. 101
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