Voorbereiding lecture 1
Leerdoelen:
1/ hc: overzicht over- en elementair
inzicht in de cw
2/ wc: opdoen ervaring onderzoekswerkzaamheden
->je leert hoe theorieen worden gevormd,
waarom toetsen van theoretische aannames belangrijk is,
verschillende theorieen, andere verklaring over zelfde ow (theorievergelijking),
! Check de punten van doel werkgroep in de handleiding
Becijfering:
60/40
① Deeltentamen 1 (30%) Gemiddelde tentamens 4,0 = gehaald
Deeltentamen 2 (30%) Emeerenze Opdrachten elk minimaal 5,0 = gehaald
Gemiddelde eindcijfer 5,5 = gehaald
② Opdracht 1 (10%)
4,0-5,49 = herkansing
Opdracht 2 (30%)
Tentamenstof:
D1: Colleges 1 t/m 6, bijbehorende hoofdstukken, extra literatuur
D2: Colleges 7 t/m 12, bijbehorende hoofdstukken, extra literatuur, excl. gastcollege
Hc niet verplicht
Wc wel verplicht, afwezigheid bij >2 werkgroepen = geen voldoening inspanningsverplichting
Afwezigheid tentamen? Vòòr tentamen afmelden via link (zie handleiding)
, Voorbereiding Lecture 2
Learning Objectives Chapter 1:
After reading this chapter, you will be able to:
1. List at least five disciplines that participate in the field of cognitive science.
2. Describe what a mental representation is.
3. Describe what mental computation is.
4. Define what interdisciplinary means.
Cognitive science = scientific interdisciplinary study of the mind
↳ Collaborative effort amongst researchers working in various fields
Theoretical perspective on the mind began with the idea of computation (information processing)
Information processors must represent and transform information.
Brain information input: see, hear
Brain information output: language, physical behavior
Both the brain and computers are characterized by some form of computation
Canalog computation binary computation
CRAP ~ symbolic
Respresentation = something that stands for something else 14 categories)/examples
↳
S
Concept, stands for a single entity/group of entities (idea that represents things we group together)
② Propositions, are statements about the world, can be illustrated with sentences
.
ecify
...
Page
Rules, can specify the relationship between propositions -
⑳ Analogy, helps us make comparisons between two similar situations, form of reasoning
I form
of reasoning
S 4 Aspects of Representation:
GRIC
A Representation/Information bearer: human/computer must realize a representation
X
Must have content: it stands for one or more objects (what it stands are called referents)
a
Grounded: must be a way in which representation and referent come to be related
Interpretable: by an interpreter, either the representation bearer or somebody else
* Human mental representations are semantic (they have meaning).
Relationship between the representation and what it is about = intentionality
f
A Relation between inputs and outputs = appropriate causal relation
In formal logic systems, symbols are combined into expressions + processes act on expressions to form
new ones I words L statements ↑ ground symbols
②
Symbol grounding problem = Computers that are not embodied with sensors/effectors cannot acquire meaning
Syllogism = a logical inference, built up out of a series of propositions
express relationships between concepts
③
Declarative knowledge: used to represent facts, tells us what is and is demonstrated by verbal communication
Procedural knowledge: refers to skills, tells us how something is demonstrated by action
A representation is symbolic if it stands for something else. Thing it stands for is the referent.
The fact that symbols are about something is called intentionality
* Physical symbol system hypothesis; formal systems can be said to be intelligent (Implying computers
may be intelligent)
, *
(A) Tri-level hypothesis = biological or artificial information-processing events can be evaluated/analyzed on
(at least) three levels
Computational level: Clear specification of what the problem is, Purpose or reason for the process
Algorithmic/programming level: Formal procedure system that acts on informational representations
(contains instructions for processing data), Well defined
Implementational level/hardware level: What is the information processor made of?
A computer is a formal symbol manipulator
Interaction among disciplines is key to figuring out the mind (interdisciplinary cooperation)
Computations = processes that transform representations
Different approaches to Cognitive Science:
I
Philosophical Linguistic
7
Psychological Emotion
E Cognitive
&
I Social (behavior)
4
Neuroscience Artificial Intelligence
10
5 Network Robotics
11
6
Evolutionary Embodied Ecological
12
I Oldest discipline in CW sintrospectie inspiratiel
:
Primary method of philosophical inquiry is reasoning (deductive and inductive)
* Deductive reasoning: application of the rules of logic to statements about the world
Inductive: Make observations (specific instances in the world), notice commonalities, draw general conclusions
2 Psychologists apply the scientific method to both mind and behavior
It’s a way of getting hold of valid knowledge about the world. (Hypothesis->Experiment to test validity)
3 Cognitive psychology emphasizes on behavior
·
Adopted computer as metaphor for the mind, described mental functioning in terms of representation and
computation
Techniques: *
Modularity->boxes depict modules and arrows depict flow of information Experimental method &
-
functionally independent units pass resume u Computational approach
;
artationrices in res
4 Neuroscience = Study of the brain and endocrine system and how these account for mental states
and behavior
Cognitive Neuroscience = The attempt to explain cognitive processes in terms of underlying brain mechanisms
S Partially derived from neuroscience, the mind is seen as collection of computing units
The term network is meant in a very broad sense (includes artificial- and natural neural networks, telephone-
and wireless networks, electrical power networks etc.)
