PRAXIS II 5081 SS CONTENT KNOWLEDGE: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 100% PASS

PRAXIS II 5081 SS CONTENT KNOWLEDGE: BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 100% PASS Aristotle Interest in the human mind; mind was part of the body, psyche and receiver of knowledge. He felt psychology's major focus was to uncover the soul. Jung's theories Eastern & Western philosophy, introversion and extroversion and unconscious. Psychologist research techniques Naturalistic observation, Survey method, Case studies, Experimental method, Correlational design. Factors of Social Psychology Social perception, Personal relationships, Group behavior, and Attitudes. Mary & Louis Leaky Discoveries regarding the origin of the human species during excavations... fundamentally changed theories regarding evolution. Johannes P. Muller & Hermann L.F. von Hemholtz German conducted scientific organized studies of sensation and perception. William James Founder of the world's first psychology laboratory. William Wundt Published the first experimental psychology journal. Helped to separate psychology from philosophy with the help of W. James. Human lifespan divisions Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Adulthood, Old Age. Margaret Mead Studied sexual beliefs and norms, how children were treated based upon their cultural upbringing. Social Group Classifications Primary Groups, Secondary Groups, Reference Groups, In-Groups and Out-groups, and Social networks. Types of Social Interactions Cooperation, Coercion, Conflict, Conformity, Social Exchange. Social Institutions that meet societal needs. Family, Education, Political institutions, Economic institutions, Religion, Sport. Sociological data and research methods Surveys, controlled experiments, field observations. Importance of Socialization Learning how to function within a social setting, can help children in early development. Helps children learn social skills and help them to assimilate in society. Areas of sociology studies Population studies, Social behaviors, cultural influences, social change, social institutions. Science of sociology Scientific discipline that focuses on the study of societies. Processes of cultural change Discovery, Invention, Diffusion Traits that appear in all cultures Arts, Language, Environment, Religion, Recreation, Economy, Institution. Gender & Age Discrimination Even though there is legal equality there is still social inequality that exists everyday. Women, LGBTQ, Elderly, youth. Emile Durkheim Heavily uses positivism, Durkheim felt the larger world was influenced by a groups beliefs, attitudes, and cultural aspects. Auguste Comte French philosopher, first termed sociology to describe the study of human organizations and culture. Defining Race & Ethnicity Involve assimilation or conflict. Anglo-Conformity, Cultural Pluralism, Accommodation, Melting Pot. Race & Ethnicity conflicts Population transfers, subjugation, genocide Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels According to Marx & Engels society and world-wide could be boiled down to class struggle. Socio-economic battles. Characteristics and importance of Religion Consists of a belief system and usually a set of rituals involving worship of supernatural force or forces that have some effect upon both everyday life. Nativism Created by Rene Descartes, French Philosopher, he said that people are born with a body of knowledge. Ivan Pavlov & B.F. Skinner Built theories on behaviorism and conditioning. Came out of introspective techniques. Psychology (Scientific discipline) Studies human behavior and how the mind works. Empiricism Direct opposition to Decartes' theory of nativism. Theorizes that all knowledge is learned. Gestalt psychology Developed by Max Wertheimer event are not considered individually, but as part of a larger pattern. Social psychology is the study of how social conditions affect individuals. Modern psychology Developed out of a combination of Freudian, Jungian, Humanism, Behaviorism to create what we now have Classical conditioning learning process in which a specific stimulus is associated with a specific response over time. Operant conditioning learning process in which behavior is punished or rewareded. Social learning learning based on observation of other and modeling others' behavior. Sigmund Freud Behaviorism, subconscious, personality problems, disorders, sexual behaviors, Id, Ego, Superego. Types of Anthropology Archeology, Social-Cultural, Biological, Linguistic. Behaviorism Developed by John Watson, growing, learning, and training would always win out over any possible inborn tendencies. Max Weber Differing religions of East and West led to difference in societal development. Culture Refers to all learned human behaviors and behavioral patterns: Cultural universals, Culture, Subculture. Subsistence Patterns Foraging, Pastorialism, Horticulture, Intensive agriculture. Herbert Spencer Credited with the idea known as Social Darwinism. Anthropology (Science aspect) studies human culture and its development and how differing cultural groups are similar and different.