Developmental Psychology: Lifespan Development Questions With Complete Solutions

Longitudinal Study correct answer: studies a person or group of people over an extended period of time Cross-sectional Study correct answer: compares individuals of various ages at one point in time Genome correct answer: the set of complete instructions for making an organism Chromosome correct answer: the genetic master code for the body. It is made up of DNA DNA correct answer: a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes Identical Twins correct answer: twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms Fraternal Twins correct answer: twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers or sisters, but they share a fetal environment Prenatal Period correct answer: the period of pregnancy that begins with conception and ends 9 months later with birth Conception correct answer: the fertilization of the egg Zygote correct answer: the fertilized egg Differentiation correct answer: cells choosing their specialization, such as a stomach or a brain cell Embryo correct answer: the developing human organism from 2 - 8 weeks (2nd month). At this time organs begin to form and function (the heart beats, liver produces red cells, etc.), the umbilical cord forms, and arms and legs are beginning to form Fetus correct answer: the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth Teratogens correct answer: toxic substances that can harm the embryo or fetus if ingested or contracted by the mother. Examples are alcohol, drugs, nicotine, HIV, AIDS, etc Fetal Alcohol Syndrome correct answer: physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. Some characteristics include: disproportioned head, learning disabilities, emotional problems, etc Neonate correct answer: newborn Reflexes correct answer: survival actions with which a baby is born SIDS correct answer: the sudden death of an infant under 1 year of age that cannot be explained after a thorough investigation is conducted Habituation correct answer: a decrease in responsiveness with repeated stimulation Schema correct answer: a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Assimilation correct answer: the process of absorbing new information into an existing schema Accommodation correct answer: the process of adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to incorporate new information Object Permanence correct answer: the understanding that objects and people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. Develops in the sensorimotor stage. Egocentrism correct answer: the inability to consider another person's point of view. Ex. thinking daddy wants a toy truck for his birthday because that is what you would like. Found in the preoperational stage. Animistic Thinking correct answer: believing that inanimate objects have feelings. Found in the preoperational stage. Conservation correct answer: the understanding that two equal quantities remain equal even thought their form or appearance is rearranged Theory of Mind correct answer: is the ability to attribute mental states (beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.) to oneself and others and to understand others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own Autism Spectrum Disorder correct answer: disorders that are typically characterized by social deficits, communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some cases, cognitive delays Secure Attachment correct answer: forms when parents or caregivers consistently meet the infant's needs by being warm and responsive Insecure Attachment correct answer: forms when parents or caregivers fail to fully meet the infant's needs by being neglectful and inconsistent. Insecure infants tend to form shallow relationships, appear withdrawn and sometimes display an insatiable need for affection Critical Period correct answer: the period of time when an organism has heightened sensitivity for the development of a particular skill Imprinting correct answer: recognition of and attraction to members of one's own species or to surrogates Authoritarian correct answer: a parenting style that has rigid rules, enforces strict punishments, and rarely, listens to the kids' viewpoints. According to Baumrind, kids who grow up under the authoritarian parenting style tend to be moody, aggressive, and often lack good communication skills Authoritative correct answer: a parenting style that sets firm rules, makes reasonable demands, and listens to the kids' viewpoints while insisting on responsible behavior. According to Baumrind, kids who grow up under the authoritative parenting style tend to be well-adjusted, goal oriented, and socially competent Permissive correct answer: a parenting style that sets few rules, makes minimal demands, and allows the kids to reach their own decisions. According to Baumrind, kids who grow up under the permissive parenting style tend to be impulsive, immature, and often fail to respect others, especially authority Neglectful correct answer: a parenting style in which the parent is non-existent Self-Concept correct answer: knowing who you are. This can be found in the Toddlerhood: autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage of Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development Five Stages of Grief correct answer: the stages people go through when facing death or another terrible extreme fate Adolescence correct answer: the period of time between puberty and adulthood when people experience physical, social, and moral changes Puberty correct answer: the physical beginnings of sexual maturity Primary Sex Characteristics correct answer: the organs needed for reproduction (ovaries in the female, testes in the male, and external genitalia) Secondary Sex Characteristics correct answer: non-reproductive traits (enlargement of the hips and breasts in females, facial hair and deepening voice in males, the development of pubic and underarm hair in both females and males) Morality correct answer: accepted moral standards: standards of conduct that are generally accepted as right or proper Preconventional Morality correct answer: Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward Conventional Morality correct answer: By early adolescence, moral judgments are based on compliance w/society's rules & values Postconventional Morality correct answer: People develop personal standards of right & wrong, morality defined in terms of abstract principles of justice John Locke correct answer: an early philosopher who said at birth our minds are a blank slate, a tabula rasa Jean Piaget correct answer: Swiss developmental psychologist who developed the stages of cognitive development Lev Vygotsky correct answer: Russian psychologist who developed the theory of mind Mary Ainsworth correct answer: a developmental psychologist who studied attachment through the Strange Situation Test Harry Harlow correct answer: a developmental psychologist who studied the effect of reassurance from the physical touch of a parent or caregiver and how it plays a key role in developing healthy physical growth and normal socialization Konrad Lorenz correct answer: studied the critical period and imprinting with geese Diana Baumrind correct answer: leading researcher on parenting styles Erik Erikson correct answer: a developmental psychologist who developed the theory that people enter eight stages of social development Elisabeth Kübler-Ross correct answer: developed the 5 stages of grief G. Stanley Hall correct answer: educational psychologist who looked at the effects of adolescence on education Lawrence Kohlberg correct answer: specialized in research on moral reasoning. He said people go through 3 stages of moral development (preconventional, conventional, and postconventional) Carol Gilligan correct answer: criticized Lawrence Kohlberg for being too male centered. She said he favored a principled way of reasoning that was more common to makes, such as justice, while the moral concerns of women focus on caring and compassion