Organisation & management
summary
Organisati on & Behaviour IB Year 1 Period 2
1
,Index
Chapter 1: The evolution of organisation and management thoughts...................................................6
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................6
1.2: Origins of the field of study.........................................................................................................6
1.3: The development of trading and the emergence of multinational enterprises...........................7
1.4: schools of thought and personalities...........................................................................................7
1.5: events prior to the industrial revolution (400 BC-1900 AD).........................................................8
1.6: Frederick Taylor and scientific management (1900)....................................................................8
1.7: Henri Fayol and the general management theory (1900)............................................................9
1.8: Max Weber and the bureaucracy theory (1940)........................................................................10
1.9: Elton Mayo and the human relations movement (1945)...........................................................10
1.10: Rensis Likert (and others) and the neo-human relations approach (1950)..............................11
1.11: Kenneth Boulding and the systems approach..........................................................................12
1.12: Paul Lawrence, Jay Lorsch and the contingency approach (1965)...........................................12
1.13 Recent organisational theories.................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Environmental influences...................................................................................................15
2.1: Organisations.............................................................................................................................15
2.1: Stakeholders..............................................................................................................................16
2.3: External Factors.........................................................................................................................16
2.3.1: Environmental factors........................................................................................................16
2.3.2: Technological factors..........................................................................................................17
2.3.3: Demographic factors..........................................................................................................17
2.3.4: Economic factors................................................................................................................17
2.3.5: Political factors...................................................................................................................17
2.3.6: Social factors.......................................................................................................................18
Chapter 3: strategic management........................................................................................................18
3.1: The strategic management process...........................................................................................18
3.2: The classical approach to strategic management......................................................................19
3.3: situational analysis (SWOT analysis)..........................................................................................19
3.3.1: Definition of the current vision, aims and strategy.............................................................19
3.3.2: Internal investigation as part of the situational analysis.....................................................21
3.3.3: External research as part of the situational analysis...........................................................23
3.4: Strategy formation.....................................................................................................................25
2
, 3.4.1: Strategy formation: determining a view of the future........................................................26
3.4.2: Strategy formation: development of different strategies...................................................26
3.4.3: Strategy formation: evaluation and choice of a strategy....................................................29
3.4.4: Strategy formation according to Porter..............................................................................29
3.5: Planning and implementation....................................................................................................30
3.5.1: Planning cycles....................................................................................................................31
3.5.2: From planning to introduction............................................................................................31
3.6: critical observations about the classic approach to strategic management..............................32
4. Strategic management in perspective..........................................................................................33
3.8: strategic management and business intelligence......................................................................35
H5 Individual and teams.......................................................................................................................36
5.1: People in organisations..............................................................................................................36
5.2: Motivation.................................................................................................................................36
5.2.1: Alderfer’s theory.................................................................................................................36
5.2.2: McClelland’s theory............................................................................................................36
5.2.3: Vroom’s expectancy theory................................................................................................37
5.3: Personality.................................................................................................................................37
5.3.1: Enneagram..........................................................................................................................38
5.3.2: Myers-Briggs Type indicator...............................................................................................38
5.3.3: The big five model (OCEAN model).....................................................................................39
5.4: Attitude......................................................................................................................................39
5.5: motivating people......................................................................................................................40
5.5.1: Motivating by means of financial incentives.......................................................................40
5.5.2: Motivation by means of task design...................................................................................40
5.5.3: Motivation by setting high objectives.................................................................................40
5.6: Emotional intelligence (EQ).......................................................................................................40
5.7: Overloading, stress, stress prevention and burnout..................................................................41
5.7.1: Overloading........................................................................................................................42
5.7.2: Stress..................................................................................................................................42
5.7.3: Stress prevention................................................................................................................42
5.7.4: Burnout...............................................................................................................................43
5.8: Intuition and creativity..............................................................................................................44
5.8.1: Intuition..............................................................................................................................45
5.8.2: Creativity.............................................................................................................................45
5.9: core quadrants..........................................................................................................................46
5.10: Groups and teams...................................................................................................................47
3
, 5.11: Characteristics of groups.........................................................................................................47
5.12: Team management and characteristics of successful teams...................................................48
..........................................................................................................................................................49
5.13: organisational conflict.............................................................................................................49
H6: Management..................................................................................................................................50
H6.1: The manager...........................................................................................................................51
H6.2: The manager within the organisation.....................................................................................51
H6.2.1: the manager’s tasks..........................................................................................................52
H6.2.2: Top managers...................................................................................................................52
H6.2.3: Middle management........................................................................................................53
H6.2.4: Managers in government.................................................................................................53
H6.3: The manager as a director of others.......................................................................................53
H6.3.1: Managers and power.......................................................................................................53
H6.3.2: Leadership........................................................................................................................54
H6.3.3: Leaderships styles............................................................................................................55
6.4: The manager as a person...........................................................................................................58
6.4.1: Career.................................................................................................................................58
6.4.2: Leisure activity....................................................................................................................58
6.4.3: Entrepreneurial management............................................................................................59
6.5: Management and ethics............................................................................................................59
6.6: Management and information..................................................................................................59
H9: organisational structure and design...............................................................................................61
H9.1: organising activities.................................................................................................................61
H9.2: Task division and coordination................................................................................................61
9.2.1: vertical task division............................................................................................................61
9.2.2: horizontal task division...........................................................................................................61
9.2.3: Authority, responsibility and delegation.............................................................................62
9.2.4: span of control....................................................................................................................63
9.2.5: Organisational diagrams.....................................................................................................63
9.3: organisational systems..............................................................................................................64
9.3.1: line organization.................................................................................................................64
9.3.2: line-staff organization.........................................................................................................65
9.3.3: Functional and line staff organization.................................................................................65
9.3.4: Line and staff committee organisation...............................................................................65
9.3.5: the matrix organisation......................................................................................................66
9.3.6: Project-based organisation.................................................................................................66
4
summary
Organisati on & Behaviour IB Year 1 Period 2
1
,Index
Chapter 1: The evolution of organisation and management thoughts...................................................6
1.1 Introduction..................................................................................................................................6
1.2: Origins of the field of study.........................................................................................................6
1.3: The development of trading and the emergence of multinational enterprises...........................7
1.4: schools of thought and personalities...........................................................................................7
1.5: events prior to the industrial revolution (400 BC-1900 AD).........................................................8
1.6: Frederick Taylor and scientific management (1900)....................................................................8
1.7: Henri Fayol and the general management theory (1900)............................................................9
1.8: Max Weber and the bureaucracy theory (1940)........................................................................10
1.9: Elton Mayo and the human relations movement (1945)...........................................................10
1.10: Rensis Likert (and others) and the neo-human relations approach (1950)..............................11
1.11: Kenneth Boulding and the systems approach..........................................................................12
1.12: Paul Lawrence, Jay Lorsch and the contingency approach (1965)...........................................12
1.13 Recent organisational theories.................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Environmental influences...................................................................................................15
2.1: Organisations.............................................................................................................................15
2.1: Stakeholders..............................................................................................................................16
2.3: External Factors.........................................................................................................................16
2.3.1: Environmental factors........................................................................................................16
2.3.2: Technological factors..........................................................................................................17
2.3.3: Demographic factors..........................................................................................................17
2.3.4: Economic factors................................................................................................................17
2.3.5: Political factors...................................................................................................................17
2.3.6: Social factors.......................................................................................................................18
Chapter 3: strategic management........................................................................................................18
3.1: The strategic management process...........................................................................................18
3.2: The classical approach to strategic management......................................................................19
3.3: situational analysis (SWOT analysis)..........................................................................................19
3.3.1: Definition of the current vision, aims and strategy.............................................................19
3.3.2: Internal investigation as part of the situational analysis.....................................................21
3.3.3: External research as part of the situational analysis...........................................................23
3.4: Strategy formation.....................................................................................................................25
2
, 3.4.1: Strategy formation: determining a view of the future........................................................26
3.4.2: Strategy formation: development of different strategies...................................................26
3.4.3: Strategy formation: evaluation and choice of a strategy....................................................29
3.4.4: Strategy formation according to Porter..............................................................................29
3.5: Planning and implementation....................................................................................................30
3.5.1: Planning cycles....................................................................................................................31
3.5.2: From planning to introduction............................................................................................31
3.6: critical observations about the classic approach to strategic management..............................32
4. Strategic management in perspective..........................................................................................33
3.8: strategic management and business intelligence......................................................................35
H5 Individual and teams.......................................................................................................................36
5.1: People in organisations..............................................................................................................36
5.2: Motivation.................................................................................................................................36
5.2.1: Alderfer’s theory.................................................................................................................36
5.2.2: McClelland’s theory............................................................................................................36
5.2.3: Vroom’s expectancy theory................................................................................................37
5.3: Personality.................................................................................................................................37
5.3.1: Enneagram..........................................................................................................................38
5.3.2: Myers-Briggs Type indicator...............................................................................................38
5.3.3: The big five model (OCEAN model).....................................................................................39
5.4: Attitude......................................................................................................................................39
5.5: motivating people......................................................................................................................40
5.5.1: Motivating by means of financial incentives.......................................................................40
5.5.2: Motivation by means of task design...................................................................................40
5.5.3: Motivation by setting high objectives.................................................................................40
5.6: Emotional intelligence (EQ).......................................................................................................40
5.7: Overloading, stress, stress prevention and burnout..................................................................41
5.7.1: Overloading........................................................................................................................42
5.7.2: Stress..................................................................................................................................42
5.7.3: Stress prevention................................................................................................................42
5.7.4: Burnout...............................................................................................................................43
5.8: Intuition and creativity..............................................................................................................44
5.8.1: Intuition..............................................................................................................................45
5.8.2: Creativity.............................................................................................................................45
5.9: core quadrants..........................................................................................................................46
5.10: Groups and teams...................................................................................................................47
3
, 5.11: Characteristics of groups.........................................................................................................47
5.12: Team management and characteristics of successful teams...................................................48
..........................................................................................................................................................49
5.13: organisational conflict.............................................................................................................49
H6: Management..................................................................................................................................50
H6.1: The manager...........................................................................................................................51
H6.2: The manager within the organisation.....................................................................................51
H6.2.1: the manager’s tasks..........................................................................................................52
H6.2.2: Top managers...................................................................................................................52
H6.2.3: Middle management........................................................................................................53
H6.2.4: Managers in government.................................................................................................53
H6.3: The manager as a director of others.......................................................................................53
H6.3.1: Managers and power.......................................................................................................53
H6.3.2: Leadership........................................................................................................................54
H6.3.3: Leaderships styles............................................................................................................55
6.4: The manager as a person...........................................................................................................58
6.4.1: Career.................................................................................................................................58
6.4.2: Leisure activity....................................................................................................................58
6.4.3: Entrepreneurial management............................................................................................59
6.5: Management and ethics............................................................................................................59
6.6: Management and information..................................................................................................59
H9: organisational structure and design...............................................................................................61
H9.1: organising activities.................................................................................................................61
H9.2: Task division and coordination................................................................................................61
9.2.1: vertical task division............................................................................................................61
9.2.2: horizontal task division...........................................................................................................61
9.2.3: Authority, responsibility and delegation.............................................................................62
9.2.4: span of control....................................................................................................................63
9.2.5: Organisational diagrams.....................................................................................................63
9.3: organisational systems..............................................................................................................64
9.3.1: line organization.................................................................................................................64
9.3.2: line-staff organization.........................................................................................................65
9.3.3: Functional and line staff organization.................................................................................65
9.3.4: Line and staff committee organisation...............................................................................65
9.3.5: the matrix organisation......................................................................................................66
9.3.6: Project-based organisation.................................................................................................66
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