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Lecture Notes IGOs and INGOs - World Citizenry at Work

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Lecture Notes IGOs and INGOs - World Citizenry at Work Book: International Organizations Author: Kelly-Kate S. Pease Edition: Fifth Chapters 1 2 5 6 7 8 9 10 European Studies year 1

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  • 30 januari 2018
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Ultimate Summary Lectures | IGOs and INGOs- World Citizenry at Work

Lecture 1 | IGOs and INGOs - World Citizenry at Work

What are International Organisations?
Definition of IOs: ‘A formal, continuous structure established by agreement
between members from at least 2 sovereign states with the aim of pursuing the
common interest of the membership’(Archer)
Example: Unicef, European Union

 More actors involved than the state

Updated definition of IOs: IOs are formal international institutions based on
norms and rules. Agreed upon with members which prescribe behaviour in
recurrent situations and lead to convergence of expectations on the international
stage. Set of rules meant to govern international behaviour.

The deciding role of states
 The “More, Mobility and Mentality” Revolution (Naim, 2013)
 Global issues require global solutions: cooperation

Transnational actors: Types of international organisations (IOs)
 IOs include
- Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs)
- International non-governmental organisations (INGOs)
- Multinational companies (MNCs)

Transnational actors: IGOs
 Members: sovereign states that join the organization voluntarily
 Systems that constrain members’ behaviour (rules and behaviour)
 Structures for political communication (between different actors)
 Formal aspect: a charter or treaty
 Example: UN, NATO, OSCE, EU

Transnational actors: INGOs
 Members are Non-Governmental Organisations: non-profit organizations that
engage in a variety of international activities
 Provide information, give expert advice
 Pressure governments and IGOs through direct and indirect lobbying
 Example: OXFAM, Save the Children

Transnational actors: Multinational corporations (MNCs)
 For-profit firms that have subsidiaries I two or more countries and have
transnational production
 Complex interaction between governments and MNCs
- In some areas of economic policy, governments have lost sovereignty
- MNCs can evade taxation or government financial controls
 But.. It is not all bad

,Lecture 2 | IGOs and INGOs – World Citizenry at Work

Looking back at history
What is the pattern for the creation of IGOs?

History of international corporation
 IGOs are a 20th century phenomenon
- No political institutionalised alliances in the 19th century as such
 Industrialisation (18th/19th century)
- Increased economic links and interdependence
 Increased need for regulations – why?
 Early forms of corporation:
- Rhine Navigation Act (1815): today International Maritime Organisation
- International Bureau for Weights and Measures (1875)
- International Office for Public Hygiene (1907): today World Health
Organisation

Conditions for the creation of IGOs
1. Problem condition: there has to be a problem and that needs to be solved
(interdependence)
2. Cognitive condition: states realise that this problem can only be dealt with
corporation
3. Hegemonic condition: one state has a lot more power than other states

Six factors leading to more international cooperation:
 Industrial expansion
 War and power politics
 World economic crisis
 Development disparities
 Human rights violations
 Environmental degradation

Example: Industrial Revolution
 Problem condition
- Industrial Revolution – interdependence in creased
 Cognitive condition
- Clearly recognised
- In the interest of industrialising countries
 Hegemonic condition
- Great Britain willing to sustain organisations

Example: war and power politics
“Only a peace between equals can last” by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson, 1917

,The Concert of Europe
 Background
- 1814-1815: Congress of Vienna
- The first attempts at creating an IGO but NOT institutionalized
- Main idea: the major European powers would jointly secure peace and
cooperation amongst each other (3 conditions?)

 Why is it important?
- Introduced the idea of peaceful conflict resolution
- Multilateralism – “balance of power”
- A growing sense of interdependence: a community of interest
- Rules and customs for collective diplomacy established

 Why it failed?  WWI

The League of Nations
 Background
- The first permanent international organization of a political nature
- Established after WWI in 1919 by 42 states

 3 conditions
- “Never again” (problem)
- International institutions needed to prevent war (recognition)
- USA (President Woodrow Wilson) as hegemonic initiator (power)

 Why is it important?
- Collective security
- Peaceful settlement of disputes (mediation, negotiation, arbitration)
- International cooperation in the economic and social realms

 Why it failed?
 Issues related to the structure of the League:
- USA (isolationism)
- Major players were not invited (Russia and Germany)
- Slow and ineffective decision-making
- Lack of troops to enforce measures

 External issues:
- Wall Street Crash 1929: economic depression and unemployment in Europe
- Rise of dictators
- Self-interest of the states dominated (WWII)

, The United Nations
 Background
- Created at the end of WWII
- 1945: UN Charter signed (51 members then, today 193+2)
- Ban on the use of force – sovereign equality of states
- Founded on the idea of collective security

 3 conditions
- “Never again” (problem)
- International institutions needed to prevent war (recognition)
- USA (President Woodrow Wilson) as hegemonic initiator (power)

 Why is it important? – 4 central powers (inspired by The League of Nations to
improve them)
- To maintain international peace and security
- To develop friendly relations among nations
- To address economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems
- To promote respect for universal human rights

What is the pattern?
 States organize into IGOs after grand scale wars and humanitarian disasters
in order to prevent them from happening again
 But their failure precedes such wars/humanitarian disasters (WWI, WWII)

IGOs nowadays
 Examples: EU, OIC, ASEAN, IMF, OPEC

Classification of IGOs: Membership & Competences
According to Membership:
 Open membership
- UN
 Restricted membership
- EU, OPEC, due to geography, economy, culture

According to Competences:
 Comprehensive
- UN and EU
 Limited
- Specialized agencies of the UN: ILO, FAO
- Special organizations: European Space Agency (ESA)

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