Samenvatting
Summary MCRS part 1- Y
- Instelling
- Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)
A clear summary of the first exam of the course of MCRS, made by an honours student. It is a combination of the exam and the book. I got an 8.8 for this exam
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Summary MRCSSCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
Knowledge in a daily life is based on:
Intuition/belief
Consensus (big group of people)
Tenacity it has always been done that way
Authority
(casual) observation (empiricism)
(informal) logical reasoning (rationalism)
Scientific research: a systematic process of gathering theoretic knowledge through observation, it is
when we observe the world around us, in a systematic way, in order to gain knowledge
Research must be:
o Empirical based on social reality, observations
o Systematic built on outcomes of previous research
o Cumulative never conclusive, always open for new discoveries in search for patterns and
associations
o Public knowledge needs to be shared
o Verifiable open to critics
o Objective findings should not be personal
o Predictive results can be generalized to the wider population
Research is a systematic process of:
Posing questions
Answering questions
Demonstrating that your results are valid
Sharing your research results
Therefore, Communication research is a systematic process of asking and answering questions about
human communication
Research strategies:
Quantitative measurement, numbers, testing theory
Qualitative no measurement, words, generating theory
Data collection methods
Observe people/behaviour (during an experiment or in real life)
Pose questions (survey, interviews)
Analyse content (from existing sources)
There are 6 principles of a scientific method:
1. Empirically testable observations
2. Replicable repeatedly
3. Objective independently
4. Transparent replicable by anyone, shared publicly
5. Falsifiable contradiction possible
6. Logically consistent don’t change interpretation or hypothesis after data collection, be
consistent in what confirms and disconfirms your hypothesis
Hypothesis = a scientific claim that we expect to find between variables, that we test by observing
the reality (empiricism)
, Well formulated hypotheses, must be:
- Empirically testable you should be able to collect observations (data)
- Objective free of opinions
- Falsifiable a clear expectation with a clear definition of time and/ or place, in which the
falsifiers are also clear
Worldview I: human communication is objectively measurable and can be summarized in rules
“nomothetic” approach
Worldview II: human communication is subjective, individualistic and must be describes as such
“idiographic” approach (uniqueness of subjects, objects or phenomena)
Scientific approaches
Empirical-Analytical:
Explaining human communication by observation (empiricism) and measuring from
researcher’s perspective
Explaining
Rule out alternative explanations
Nomothetic approach (world view I) reality is objectively measurable, uses reason and logic
Quantitative experiment, survey, content analysis
Empirical-interpretative:
Understanding human communication by observing and interpreting from participants’
perspectives
Understanding
Idiographic approach (world view II) communication is subjective and unique and must be
described as such
Qualitative individual interviews, focus group interviews, ethnography
Empirical cycle:
o Observation noticeable relations and questions
o Induction from specific (observations) to general;
Research proposal
theories that can explain the relations observed
o Deduction from general to specific: formulating
expectations/hypothesis that can be tested, reasoning
Analyze data THEORY
from a theory to observation that will test the theory
o Testing testing the variables of your hypothesis It may be that…Could x be causing y?
o Evaluation evaluating the results from our systematic
observations (empirical data), do the results support the
hypotheses that were formulated based on theory Collect data Predictions/Hypothesis
Verification: confirm and interpretative approach
Falsification (looking for something against): refute and analytical approach
If not refuted… then provisional truth; you found support for your hypothesis incorrect: you
accepted your hypothesis
Ontology: questions about the nature of human communication
What is real?
What things really exist?
Does an attitude really exist?
Assumption based on the research of ontology:
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