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Verdieping in Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistieken Aantekeningen Hoorcollege's, Grasple & Meer

Name: Verdieping in Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistieken Aantekeningen Hoorcollege's, Grasple & Meer
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Verdieping in Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistieken Dit document bevat aantekeningen van alle kwantitatieve hoorcolleges van het vak Verdieping in Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistieken. Daarnaast zitten er ook aantekeningen van alle kwantitatieve Grapsle lessen aan toegevoegd (analyses staan beschreven...

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Verdieping in Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistieken Aantekeningen

Inhoudsopgave
HC Week 1: Kwalitatieve Opdracht ................................................................................................................. 6
Waarom kwalitatief onderzoek? ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek ..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Kwaliteit kwalitatief onderzoek ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
Data-Analyse: Coderen .................................................................................................................................................................... 6

Grasple: Kwalitatieve opdracht........................................................................................................................ 7
Wetenschappelijk artikel kritisch lezen ............................................................................................................................... 7
Grasple: Voorkennis Kwantitatief ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Enkelvoudige Lineaire Regressieanalyse ............................................................................................................................. 7
Spreidingsdiagram SPSS: ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Regressieanaylse ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
ANOVA ................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Post Hoc Toets ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8

HC Week 2: Multiple Regressie ...................................................................................................................... 9
Padmodel Multiple Regressie ............................................................................................................................................................. 9
Multiple regressie algemeen .................................................................................................................................................. 9
Meetniveau variabelen..........................................................................................................................................................10
Regressiemodel (1) ................................................................................................................................................................10
Regressiemodel (2) ................................................................................................................................................................10
Histogram...............................................................................................................................................................................11
Spreidingsdiagram .................................................................................................................................................................11
Regressiecoëfficiënten ..........................................................................................................................................................11
Kleinste kwadraten criterium ..............................................................................................................................................12
Residuen E .............................................................................................................................................................................12
Goodness of fit .....................................................................................................................................................................12
Opsplitsing waargenomen variatie .....................................................................................................................................12
Bereik van R2 .........................................................................................................................................................................13
Wat is R op zichzelf? ............................................................................................................................................................13
Toetsen R2 & B’s ...................................................................................................................................................................14
In SPSS: ..................................................................................................................................................................................15

Grasple: Multiple Regressie ...........................................................................................................................16
MR1 Controle assumpties initieel....................................................................................................................................................16
Voorwaarde voor multiple regressie ..................................................................................................................................16
Uitschieters verwijderen uit dataset: ..................................................................................................................................16
Correlatie uitvoeren: .............................................................................................................................................................16
MR2 Controle assumpties statisch ..................................................................................................................................................16
Regressieanalyse uitvoeren: .................................................................................................................................................16
Afwezigheid uitschieters ......................................................................................................................................................16
Afwezigheid multicollineariteit ...........................................................................................................................................17
Homoscedasticiteit ...............................................................................................................................................................17
Normaal verdeelde residuen ...............................................................................................................................................18
MR3 Uitvoeren en interpreteren ......................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: Model Summary ........................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: ANOVA .....................................................................................................................................................................18
Tabel: Coefficients ................................................................................................................................................................19
Hiërarchische multiple regressieanalyse uitvoeren ..........................................................................................................19
MR4 Multiple regressie met dummy’s .............................................................................................................................................19
Dummy variabelen aanmaken SPSS ..................................................................................................................................21

1

,Weekopdracht 1: MR ..................................................................................................................................... 22
Voorwaarden & Assumpties MR .......................................................................................................................................22
Hypothesen in MR ...............................................................................................................................................................22
Regressievergelijking met twee voorspellers ....................................................................................................................22
Berekenen verschil proportie verklaarde variantie twee modellen...............................................................................23

Werkgroep 2: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 24

HC Week 3: Meerweg ANOVA ..................................................................................................................... 26
Multiple regressiemodel .......................................................................................................................................................26
Eenweg ANOVA .................................................................................................................................................................26
Meerweg ANOVA................................................................................................................................................................26
Meerweg ANOVA................................................................................................................................................................26
Beschrijvende statistiek: Gemiddelden Model .................................................................................................................27
Hoofdeffecten .......................................................................................................................................................................28
Toetsing: kijken naar output model SPSS ........................................................................................................................29
Testen met een F-Ratio .......................................................................................................................................................30
Effectgrootte .........................................................................................................................................................................32
ANOVA als regressiemodel ...............................................................................................................................................34

Grasple: Meerweg ANOVA ........................................................................................................................... 35
ANOVA 1: Meerweg ANOVA uitvoeren en interpreteren .........................................................................................................35
Meerweg ANOVA uitvoeren: ............................................................................................................................................35
SPSS Output Meerweg ANOVA: ......................................................................................................................................35
ANOVA als regressiemodel ...............................................................................................................................................36
ANOVA (extra): Hoofd- en interactie-effecten ..............................................................................................................................36

Weekopdracht 2: Meerweg ANOVA ............................................................................................................. 37
Meetniveaus variabelen ANOVA: .....................................................................................................................................37
Combinaties van meetniveaus van AV en OV op: .........................................................................................................37
Voorwaarden/Assumpties voor uitvoeren ANOVA .....................................................................................................37
Hypothesen ............................................................................................................................................................................38
Variantieanalyse .....................................................................................................................................................................38
Ontbrekende waardes invullen ...........................................................................................................................................39

HC Week 4: ANCOVA .................................................................................................................................. 40
ANCOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................................40
Overzichten analyses tot nu toe .........................................................................................................................................41
ANOVA + & - Interactie....................................................................................................................................................41
ANCOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................................42
Doel ANCOVA: .........................................................................................................................................................................43
Gevolgen ................................................................................................................................................................................43
Voorbeeld 1: ..........................................................................................................................................................................43
AN(C)OVA als regressiemodel: ....................................................................................................................................................45
Assumpties AN(CO)VA-model ...................................................................................................................................................45
Steekrpoef voorwaarde ........................................................................................................................................................46
Meetniveau voorwaaden ......................................................................................................................................................46
Spreiding residuen ................................................................................................................................................................46
Model ......................................................................................................................................................................................46
Homogene regressie .............................................................................................................................................................46

Grasple: ANCOVA ........................................................................................................................................ 47
ANCOVA 1: ANCOVA uitvoeren en interpreteren ..................................................................................................................47
Spreidingsdiagram maken: ...................................................................................................................................................47
Testen of interactie covariaat en factor significant is: ....................................................................................................47
ANCOVA uitvoeren: ...........................................................................................................................................................48

2

, Interpreteren ANCOVA: ....................................................................................................................................................48
ANCOVA (Extra): Gecorrigeerde Gemiddelden ..........................................................................................................................49
Stap 1: .....................................................................................................................................................................................49
Stap 2: .....................................................................................................................................................................................49
Stap 3: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 4: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 5: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 6: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 7: .....................................................................................................................................................................................50
Stap 8: .....................................................................................................................................................................................51
Stap 9: .....................................................................................................................................................................................51
..................................................................................................................................................................................................51
Voorbeelden: .........................................................................................................................................................................51

Weekopdracht 3: ANCOVA........................................................................................................................... 52
Variabelen nodig voor ANCOVA: ....................................................................................................................................52
ANOVA & ANCOVA ........................................................................................................................................................52
De totale variantie in ANCOVA wordt als volgt opgesplitst .......................................................................................52
Tabel invullen uitleg .............................................................................................................................................................53
Effectgrootte berekenen ......................................................................................................................................................53

Werkgroep 3: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 54

HC Week 5: Herhaalde Metingen & Mixed design ...................................................................................... 56
Herhaalde Metingen & Mixed Design ...........................................................................................................................................56
(Meerweg) AN(C)OVA .......................................................................................................................................................56
Between-subject factoren ....................................................................................................................................................57
Within-subject factoren .......................................................................................................................................................57
Between- en within-subject factoren .................................................................................................................................57
Opsplitsen kwadratensommen .........................................................................................................................................................57
Kwadratensommen (SS) ......................................................................................................................................................57
Assumpties Herhaalde metingen ANOVA ...................................................................................................................................59
Sfericiteit .........................................................................................................................................................................................60
Sfericiteit betreft....................................................................................................................................................................60
Schending aanname sfericiteit: ...........................................................................................................................................60
Toetsing aanname sfericiteit ...............................................................................................................................................60
Toesting sfericiteit ................................................................................................................................................................60
Controle Assumptie sfericiteit ............................................................................................................................................60
Toetsen effect binnen-subject factor (tijd) .......................................................................................................................61
Mixed Design ANOVA ..............................................................................................................................................................61
Effecten ..................................................................................................................................................................................61
Kwadratensommen (SS) ......................................................................................................................................................61

Grasple: HM & MD ...................................................................................................................................... 62
HM & MD 1: Herhaalde Metingen uitvoeren en interpreteren ......................................................................................................62
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse Uitvoeren SPSS ................................................................................................................62
SPSS Output Herhaalde Metingen ANOVA ...................................................................................................................62
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse met meerdere within-subjects factoren Uitvoeren SPSS ..........................................64
SPSS Output Herhaalde Metingen ANOVA met meerdere within-subject factoren ..............................................64
HM & MD 2: Mixed Design Uitvoeren en Interpreteren ..............................................................................................................65
Herhaalde Metingen Analyse met within-subjects factoren & between-subjects factoren Uitvoeren SPSS ........65

Weekopdracht 4: Herhaalde metingen & Mixed Design .............................................................................. 66
Factoren ..................................................................................................................................................................................66
Toepassingen van statische technieken .............................................................................................................................66
Spreidingscomponenten in herhaalde metingen ANOVA ............................................................................................66

3

, Nul- en alternatieve hypothesen voor binnen-persoonsfactor .....................................................................................66
Herhaalde metingen design .................................................................................................................................................66
Mixed design ..........................................................................................................................................................................66
Nul- & alternatieve hypothesen voor het interactie-effect binnen*tussen mixed design ........................................67
Sfericiteit .................................................................................................................................................................................67

HC Week 6: Moderatie & Mediatie ............................................................................................................... 68
Moderatie ........................................................................................................................................................................................68
Mediatie ..........................................................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodellen ....................................................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodel Moderatie ............................................................................................................................................................68
Padmodel Mediatie ...............................................................................................................................................................68
Moderator en Mediator ...................................................................................................................................................................69
Onderzoeksvragen ................................................................................................................................................................69
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................69
Mediatie ..................................................................................................................................................................................70

Grasple: Moderatie & Mediatie ..................................................................................................................... 72
M&M 1: Moderatie vs. Mediatie...................................................................................................................................................72
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................72
Mediatie ..................................................................................................................................................................................72
M&M 2: Moderatie uitvoeren en interpreteren ...............................................................................................................................73
Moderatieanalyses uitvoeren ...............................................................................................................................................73
Interactie tussen een categorische en interval variabele met PROCESS ....................................................................74
Interactie tussen twee interval/ratio variabelen met multiple regressie ......................................................................75
Interactie tussen twee interval/ratio variabelen met PROCESS ..................................................................................76
M&M 3: Medatie uitvoeren en interpreteren ..................................................................................................................................77
Mediatieanalyse uitvoeren ...................................................................................................................................................77

Weekopdracht 5: Moderatie en Mediatie ...................................................................................................... 79
Moderatie ...............................................................................................................................................................................79
Interactieterm ........................................................................................................................................................................79
Standaardiseren/Centreren .................................................................................................................................................79
Multicollineariteit ..................................................................................................................................................................79
Beoordelen of X op Y gemedieerd wordt door M .........................................................................................................79
Grootte indirecte effect berekenen ....................................................................................................................................79

Werkgroep 4: VO/ Slides/Aantekeningen .................................................................................................... 80
Tussen-subjects Factor .....................................................................................................................................................................80
Binnen-subject Factor ......................................................................................................................................................................80
Binnen- en tussen-subject factoren ....................................................................................................................................................80
Mediatie ..........................................................................................................................................................................................80
Totaal effect ...........................................................................................................................................................................80
Direct/ Indirect effect .........................................................................................................................................................80
Complete mediatie vs. Partiële mediatie ...........................................................................................................................80
Bootstrapping ..................................................................................................................................................................................81
Significantie bepalen bootstrapping...................................................................................................................................81

HC 7: Factor Analyse en Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse...................................................................................... 82

Voorbeeld risicobereidheid ........................................................................................................................... 82
Validiteit ........................................................................................................................................................................................82
Begripsvaliditeit: ....................................................................................................................................................................82
Doelen factoranalyse ............................................................................................................................................................82

4

, Stappen factoranalyse ...........................................................................................................................................................83
Bepalen aantal factoren ........................................................................................................................................................85
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................................................................................................86
Betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................................................................86
Betrouwbaarheid ...................................................................................................................................................................86
Criteria kwalitatieve beoordeling betrouwbaarheid ........................................................................................................87

Grasple: Factoranalyse & Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................... 88
Factoranalyse ..................................................................................................................................................................................88
Introductie factoranalyse .....................................................................................................................................................88
Factoranalyse (PAF) uitvoeren SPSS .............................................................................................................................................88
Eigenwaarde...........................................................................................................................................................................89
Screeplot & Knikcriterium ..................................................................................................................................................89
Factorladingen & Factormatrix ..........................................................................................................................................90
Factoranalyse met oblique rotatie met twee factoren in SPSS ...........................................................................................................90
Inhoudelijke interpretatie van factoren .............................................................................................................................90
Percentage (proportie) verklaarde variantie .....................................................................................................................91
Communaliteit .......................................................................................................................................................................91
Conclusiefactoranalyse .........................................................................................................................................................91
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse .................................................................................................................................................................91
Items ompolen SPSS ............................................................................................................................................................91
Betrouwbaarheidsanalyse uitvoeren SPSS ........................................................................................................................92

Weekopdracht 6: Factoranalyse..................................................................................................................... 93
Doelen factoranalyse ........................................................................................................................................................................93
Confirmerende factoranalyse.............................................................................................................................................................93
Explorerende factoranalyse ..............................................................................................................................................................93
Controleren of factoranalyse zinvol is ...............................................................................................................................................93

5

, HC Week 1: Kwalitatieve Opdracht

Kwalitatieve opdracht, onderzoeksvraag:
Hoe ervaren vluchtelingen het opbouwen van een nieuw leven in NL?

Waarom kwalitatief onderzoek?
- Analyseren van patronen in hoe mensen sociale fenomenen ervaren, interpreteren en
hoe dit hun handelen beïnvloedt
- Het genereren van gedetailleerde beschrijvingen, inzichten, verklaringen en
theoretische modellen van sociale fenomenen

Kenmerken kwalitatief onderzoek
- Interpretatief
De betekenisgeving vanuit het perspectief van de respondenten staat centraal en
onderzoeker interpreteert deze betekenissen
- Naturalistisch
De onderzoeker is geïnteresseerd in de natuurlijke omgeving van de respondent (niet
bestuderen in laboratorium setting)
- Reflexief
De onderzoeker reflecteert bewust op hoe bepaalde veronderstellingen, keuzes, en de
onderzoeker het onderzoek beïnvloeden

Kwaliteit kwalitatief onderzoek
- Credibility
(interne validiteit)
Kloppen de data, resultaten, de interpretaties?
- Transferability
(externe/ecologische validiteit)
Zijn resultaten ook van toepassing in andere setting/context?
- Dependability
(betrouwbaarheid)
Zijn de bevindingen stabiel over tijd?
- Confirmability
(objectiviteit)
In hoeverre zijn de resultaten afhankelijk van de onderzoeker en zijn eigen
verwachtingen?
- Reflexivity
Kritische reflectie op de hoe de relatie tussen onderzoeker-participant data/onderzoek
heeft beïnvloed?

Data-Analyse: Coderen
- Attribute codes
Vaak achtergrond of demografische informatie van de respondent
- Index codes
Labelen grotere stukken tekst en geven brede/algemene onderwerpen aan
- Analytic codes
Beschrijven de betekenis van specifieke stukken tekst → deel komt uit literatuur, deel
vloeit voort uit de verzamelde gegevens

6

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Verdieping in Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistieken Aantekeningen Hoorcollege's, Grasple & Meer

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