SOC 185 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+

SOC 185 EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES (VERIFIED ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+ Sociology - ANSWER- systematic and scientific study of human society, social structure/institutions/interactions social structure and change = social processes and interactions building blocks = interactions and behaviors of individuals Sociological Problems - ANSWER- 1. social order 2. social change 3. indviduals and society Self-Fulfilling Prophecy - ANSWER- the phenomenon whereby a person's or a group's expectation for the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior prediction that comes true at least in part as a result of a person's belief or expectation that said prediction would come true Face-Saving Behavior - ANSWER- Erving Goffman's term for the strategies we use to rescue our performance when we experience a potential or actual loss of face Social Imagination: C. Wright Mills - ANSWER- ability to see one's society in the context of history and culture/understand their roles in shaping the individuals one cannot separate history from culture or society Social Imagination: Peter Berger - ANSWER- 1. view the general in the particular; discovering each new layer changes perception of the whole 2. view the strange in the familiar; detach self from the "familiar" interpretation of human behavior and accept "strange" notions that behavior is a production of social forces Social Imagination: Overall - ANSWER- individuals bear responsibility of their own behavior, but it can impact families to political structures Social Imagination: Helps - ANSWER- avoid applying simple answers to complex issues; encourage critical thinking to see broader picture Theory - ANSWER- a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events. provides a framework in which observations may be logically ordered (= overall perspective) Sociology as Social Science - ANSWER- observer and observed unique perspective/insight world = laboratory studies = matter of interference as humans as the actors (can infer causality, but event needs to occur) ensures maximum objectivity/consistency in researching problems Sociology as Social Science: Method - ANSWER- 1. problem (stated to be researched) 2. background (review relevant-previous research to see what has been said) 3. testable hypothesis (unverified relationship among variables) 4. research design (methodology; collection/analyzation of data) 5. data collection (laying out data) 6. conclusion (report findings and offer suggestions for additional search) Method: Additional Terms - ANSWER- empirical data = information verified through senses and subject to observation, measurement, and replication variables = conditions are subject to change in response to other variables (independent vs dependent) General Designs - ANSWER- surveys (questioners based on a scale or range) existing sources (secondary analysis) participant observation (ethnography or field search) Limited Experimental Design - ANSWER- variables too unpredictable since society/culture is not fixed Sociological Theories - ANSWER- maintain research focus and develop analytical framework needed in order to draw conclusions from data Sociological Theories: Structural Functional Theory - ANSWER- view society as system of interrelated parts to maintain system as a whole (must contribute as a whole or won't move on); emphasize moving through states of equilibrium (focus on widespread consensus/stability) social solidarity/stability = variables that bind societies together Manifest vs Latent Functions: Robert K. Merton - ANSWER- intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit vs unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants Sociological Theories: Social Conflict Theory - ANSWER- [macro] agree with system of interrelated parts (structural functional theory), but argue we can understand social relationships through problems and tension; variables of competition/inequality shape/maintain society view society as dynamic process generating social change = competition/inequality Sociological Theories: Symbolic Interaction Theory - ANSWER- [micro] generalize interactions as humans live in a world of meaningful objects (actions, relationships, symbols); examine member's ways of developing and sharing meaning of symbols Study of Suicide: Emile Durkheim - ANSWER- "The bond attaching [people] to life slackens because the bond which attaches [them] to society is itself slack." = societal strains intensified job anxiety, higher expectations, and more pressure for individual achievement Social bonds have been weakened or dissolved as people move away from their families and their community newer technologies = contributed to the breakdown of traditional family units as communication has become more impersonal and fragmented. Anomie - ANSWER- a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and purpose in society Durkheim = most likely to occur during a period of rapid social change Industrialization vs Urbanization - ANSWER- process by which societies go from depending on agriculture/handmade products to manufacturing and related industries (Industrial Revolution in Britain between 1760 and 1850 and soon throughout Western Europe) vs process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas; influenced from development factories/factory systems (more producers than consumers) Karl Marx - ANSWER- German economist and philosopher who believed that society should not just be studied but should also be changed (status quo = the oppression of the population by a small group of wealthy people) Class Conflict - ANSWER- struggle between the capitalist class and the working class; capitalist class controls and exploits the masses of struggling workers by paying less than the value of their labor bourgeoisie = those who own and control the means of production proletariat = working class; those who must sell their labor to earn a livelihood exploration results in = alienation = feeling powerlessness from other people and themselves Max Weber - ANSWER- German social scientist who believed economic systems were heavily influenced by other factors in a society cannot reach complete value free = need more verstehen (German for "understanding" or "insight") = gain the ability to see the world as others see it rational bureaucracy, rather than class struggle = most significant factor in determining the social relations between people in industrial societies Georg Simmel - ANSWER- focusing on how society is a web of patterned interactions among people; interaction patterns differ between a dyad (a social group with two members) and a triad (a group with three members) because the presence of an additional person often changes the dynamics of communication and the overall interaction process formal sociology = focuses attention on the universal social forms that underlie social interaction ("geometry of social life") W. E. B. DuBois - ANSWER- the first sociologist to articulate the agency of the oppressed and established truth as a standard, elevating sociology to an "emancipatory social science" Feminist Approach - ANSWER- based on a belief in the equality of women and men and the idea that all people should be equally valued and have equal right due to living in a patriarchy (a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine") Postmodern Perspectives - ANSWER- the sociological approach that attempts to explain social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communication characterized by postindus-trialization, consumerism, and global communications