UW Madison Bio Key Mandatory Questions and Correct Answers 2024

Meiosis lead to the production of ________. - Gametes Mitosis leads to the production of ________. - Somatic cells What are the functions of mitosis? - Growth, repair/replacement, and asexual reproduction in planaria. What is the G1 stage responsible for? - Cell growth, transcription/translation, duplication of organelles, and to prepare for DNA replication. What is the S phase of interphase responsible for? - DNA replication. It only occurs during this phase. What is the G2 phase of interphase responsible for? - Transcription/translation, prepare to divide. Centrosomes appear. What are sister chromatids? - Replicated chromosomes. Attach to each other at the centromere. What is a kinetochore? - A protein structure where microtubules attach during mitosis. T/F: Prokaryotic cell division is clonal. - True. Cell division occurs by binary fission. What occurs during prophase (mitosis)? - Chromosomes condense (metaphase chromosomes), the nuclear envelope degrades, centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell and the mitotic spindle forms. What occurs during metaphase (mitosis)? - The chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. What occurs during anaphase (mitosis)? - The separation of DNA. Cohesions decay and kinetochore microtubules shorten (sister chromatids separate). Non-kinetochore microtubules get longer (cell elongates). What occurs during telophase/cytokinesis (mitosis)? - The nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes decidedness, a cleavage furrow forms (microfilament ring). End with 2n = 4 Where in the cell cycle are checkpoints located? What are each responsible for checking? - G1- is growth factor present? Is the cell big enough? Is DNA undamaged? G2- Is DNA replication complete? Is the DNA okay? metaphase- Are chromosomes attached to kinetochore microtubules? What are at each checkpoint determining if division should proceed? - Regulatory molecules. What is apoptosis? - The cell suicide pathway What do growth factors do? - Stimulate cells to divide What are properties of normal cells? - 1. Growth factors stimulate cells to divide 2. Cells exhibit anchorage dependence (cells stick together) 3. Cells exhibit density-dependent inhibition (crowded cells stop dividing) What is a tumor called that invades neighboring tissue and ignores density-dependent inhibition? - A malignant tumor What is metastasis? - When cancer cells spread to other parts of the body. Cells ignore anchorage dependence