LATEST IB Philosophy - Core Theme SOLUTIONS 100% CORRECT ANSWERS

Allegory of the cave (Plato's cave) - ANSWER To be liberated from the cave we must precede into the light, dismissing appearances as mere illusion and seek true knowledge. This is when we reach our goal ('telos') Normative - ANSWER how we should be/what we should do The Tri-partite soul (Plato) - ANSWER Reason (control), Spirit (emotions like pride and courage), Appetite (bodily and wordly desires) The Materialist view (Hobbes) - ANSWER Every can be explained in terms of the motions and interactions of material bodies. We are essentially robots. Psychological egoism (Hobbes) - ANSWER Primary motivation for humans is self- interest State of War (Hobbes) - ANSWER Humanity is forced into competition. We pursue power and glory to make ourselves more secure. Leap of faith (Kiekegaard) - ANSWER How people acted in love or believing in God Subjectivity (Kiekegaard) - ANSWER Things affect people in different ways (truth is subjectivity, subjectivity is truth) Freedom (Kiekegaard) - ANSWER "if man can give any reasons for his choice, then the choice is determined by the reasons and is not truly free" Nihilism (Nietzsche) - ANSWER "God is dead". There is no transcendental being or truth. We must live our lives of now Ubermensch (Nietzsche) - ANSWER aim to supreme being Amor Fati (Nietzsche) - ANSWER Love is fate (everything that happens is among the facts of ones existence) Aphoristic style - ANSWER encapsulates a wide idea The crowd (Beauvoir) - ANSWER Our individuality can't be at odds to those in society. Existentialism important in social and political situations "Existence precedes essence" (Sartre) - ANSWER how we act determines our apparent "qualitites" not the essence of oneself Subject rather than object (Sartre) - ANSWER Humans are not objects to be used by God or the government. We must look deeper than our roles. Choice (Sartre) - ANSWER I cannot not choose. If i do not choose, that is still a choice. Inevitable. Responsibility (Sartre) - ANSWER we are responsible for everything we do "I am responsible for my very desire of fleeing responsibilities" Bad Faith (Sartre) - ANSWER guilty of regarding oneself not as 'free' but as an 'object. Hiding the true self The outsider (Camus) - ANSWER We are all outsiders who only care about ourselves Dualism (Plato + Socrates) - ANSWER the body and mind are seperate Soul - ANSWER non-physical and indestructible. Means of accessing universal forms (Plato) Method of Doubt (Descartes) (Evidence for dualism) - ANSWER If you can doubt something there is something that is doubting. Something is thinking which is certain. 'I think therefore I am' Leibniz's Law - ANSWER 'Two things are identical only if they share the exact same qualities' Materialism - ANSWER our minds and bodies are inseperable Monism - ANSWER there is only one thing that exists (rejects dualism) Hard Materialism - ANSWER Our characteristics are nothing more than physical ones. Consciousness = brain activity. Soft Materialism - ANSWER Mind and body cannot function without each other. Glibert Ryle (criticizing Dualism) - ANSWER Dualism is a 'category mistake'. You can't point out the soul, instead it is many processes working together (comparison to team spirit) Thomas Hobbes (mind and machine problem) - ANSWER "..for what is the heart but a spring, and nerves but so many strings and the joints, but so many wheels?.." (we are the same as machines) Functionalism - ANSWER defines mental processes in terms of their functions Brain - ANSWER (hardware) a device that requires an input to process an output Mind - ANSWER (software) can be run on different platforms and machines The Turing Test (Alan Turing) - ANSWER the computer must fool you into believing it is a human. Turing believed it was possible to create machine like a human. The Chinese Room (John Searle) - ANSWER The machine has no concept of understanding, only translating with guide book. We can't make a machine that understands human language. (Human consciousness only exists in human brains) Hubert Dreyfus (problem of minds and machines) - ANSWER Higher-level behaviour depends upon intuition and common sense. These can not be formalised as a set of computational rules. Determinism - ANSWER not free to make our own choices. Science denies any freedom to humans. Newton's 3rd law - ANSWER for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, everything that happens has a cause Doctrine of Universal Causation - ANSWER states that everything has a cause, effects are predictable (dominoes) Evolutionary psychology - ANSWER (Hard determinism) Human psychological traits are evolved adaptations. Leopold and Loeb - ANSWER Blamed evolutionary psychology when they murdered a child as they held no responsibility Libertarianism - ANSWER humans are free to act in any way we choose. The universe is subject to laws of physics but humans are not