Samenvatting
T4_CompleteSummary_Personality
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
T4_CompleteSummary_Personality
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 31 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 31 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
VolgenVoorbeeld van de inhoud
Personality taak 4Larsen Chapter 7
Physiological Approaches to
personality
An advantage of the physiological approach is that physiological characteristcs can e
measured mechanically and reliably.
The term physiological characteristcs refers to the functoning of organ systems
within the ody.
o Examples of physiological systems are the nervous system (including the brain
and nerves), the cardiac system and the musculoskeletal system
Another characteristc of the physiological approach to personality is simplicity or
parsimony.
Physiological theories ofen propose to explain a good deal of ehavior with a few
constructs.
The brain injury of Phineas gage
The heavy iron rod came out of the tamping hole point frst. It shot up through Gage's lef
cheek, just elow the cheek one, passed ehind his lef eye and exited the top of his skull,
landing ap-proximately 75 feet away. Gage was knocked of his feet ut did not lose
consciousness.
most of his intellectual functons remained intact.
However, his personality changed dramatcally
He lacked the a ility to direct himself nor could he devise plans to achieve goals.
He was impulsive and aggressive.
A physiological approach to personality
Researchers must e a le to uild a theoretcal bridge etween the personality dimension
of interest and physiological variables in order to use physiological concepts to help explain
personality
, Physiological measures commonly used in
personality research
Most of the common physiological measures in personality research are o tained from
electrodes, or sensors placed on the surface of a partcipant's skin
One disadvantage to such measures is that the partcipant is literally wired to the
physiological recording machine (ofen called a polygraph), so movement is
constrained.
o A new generaton of electrodes will, however, overcome this limitaton through
the use of telemetry, a process y which electrical signals are sent from the
partcipant to the polygraph through radio waves instead of y wires.
Electrodermal activity (skin conductance)
The skin on the palms of the hands (and the soles of the feet) contains a high concentraton
of sweat glands.
, These sweat glands are directly infuenced y the sympathetc nervous system, the
ranch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the ody for actonnthat is,
the fght-or-fight mechanism.
When the sympathetc nervous system is actvated (such as during episodes of anxiety,
startle, or anger), the sweat glands egin to fll with salty water.
o This ioelectric process, known as electrodermal actvity (dermal means "of the
skin"), or skin conductance, makes it possi le for researchers to directly measure
sympathetc nervous system actvity.
In this technique, two electrodes are placed on the palm of one hand.
A very low voltage of electricity is then put through one electrode into the skin, and the
researcher measures how much electricity is present at the other electrode.
Cardiovascular activity
The cardiovascular system involves the heart and associated blood vessels, and examples of
measures of cardiovascular actvity include lood pressure and heart rate
Blood pressure is the pressure exerted y the lood on the inside of the artery walls,
and it is typically expressed with two num ers: diastolic and systolic pressure.
o The systolic pressure is the larger num er, and it refers to the maximum
pressure within the cardiovascular system produced when the heart muscle
contracts.
o The diastolic pressure is the smaller num er, and it refers to the restng pressure
inside the system etween heart contractons.
Another easily o tained cardiovascular measure is heart rate, ofen expressed in
beats-per-minute (BPM).
o Cardiac reactvity some people show much larger increases in lood pressure
and heart rate than others.
This has een associated with the Type A personalityna ehavior patern
characterized y impatence, compettveness, and hostlity.
Brain activity
The rain spontaneously produces small amounts of electricity, which can e measured y
electrodes placed on the scalp. This measure is called the electroencephalogram (EEG)
Another technique in measuring rain actvity is called the evoked potental technique, in
which the rain EEG is measured ut the partcipant is given a stmulus, such as a tone or a
fash of light, and the researcher assesses the partcipant's rain responsiveness to the
stmulus.
It was found that personality correlated with the degree of rain actvaton in response to
the positve and negatve images
, Specifcally, neurotcism correlated with increased frontal brain actvaton to the
negatve images, and extraversion correlated with increased frontal brain actvaton
to the positve images
Other measures
Physiologically based theories of personality
Extraversion – Introversion
Old model Eysenck proposed that introverts are characterized y higher levels of actvity in
the brain's ascending retcular actvatng system (ARAS) than are extraverts.
The ARAS is a structure in the brain stem thought to control overall cortcal arousal
Introverts engage in introverted ehaviors (are quiet and seek low-stmulaton setngs,
such as li raries) ecause they need to keep their already heightened level of arousal
in check
Conversely, extraverts engage in extraverted ehaviors ecause they need to increase
their level of arousal
incorporated Hebb's (1955) noton of "optmal level of arousal" -
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper Monique2. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 51292 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen