PC707 Module 7 –CNS Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions

PC707 Module 7 –CNS Exam with 100% Verified and Updated Solutions Norepinephrine: - answer-neurotransmitter that causes arousal, appetite, executive functioning, motivation, intellect Too much of norepinephrine could potentially cause: - answer-anxiety, panic, anorexia, excitability, insomnia Too little of norepinephrine could potentially cause: - answer-depression -ADHD/ADD Which drugs can be utilized to help regulate norepinephrine levels? - answer-SNRIs* -tricyclic antidepressants -MAOIs Dopamine: - answer-neurotransmitter that helps regulate primitive functions, coordinated movements, emotions, cognition, pleasure, motivation Too much of dopamine could potentially cause: - answer-psychosis -tourettes Too little of dopamine could potentially cause: - answer-Parkinsons disease -ADHD/ADD What are the main drugs utilized to help regulate dopamine levels? - answer-antipsychotics Acetylcholine: - answer-neurotransmitter that helps regulate parasympathetic nervous system, attention, learning, memory -role in regulating REM sleep cycles Too much of acetylcholine could potentially cause: - answer-delirium -confusion Too little of acetylcholine could potentially cause: - answer-Alzheimers disease (damage to cholinergic neurons) What is the main drug utilized to help regulate acetylcholine levels? - answer- Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (ACHEIs) Serotonin: - answer-neurotransmitter that regulates sleep/wake cycles, mood/well-being, appetite, memory, learning, intestinal movements Too much of serotonin could potentially cause: - answer-hallucinations -serotonin syndrome Too little of serotonin could potentially cause: - answer-depression, anxiety, OCD, increased pain sensitivity What drugs could be utilized to help regulate serotonin levels? - answer-SSRIs -SNRIs -Atypical antidepressants -Tricyclic antidepressants -MAOIs GABA: - answer-neurotransmitter that inhibits transmissions from one nerve to another Too much GABA could potentially cause: - answer-CNS depression, respiratory depression, sedation Too little GABA could potentially cause: - answer-seizures Drugs utilized to help regulate GABA levels? - answer-benzodiazepines -sedatives -hypnotics Glutamate: - answer-neurotransmitter that plays a role in cognition, learning, thought, emotions Excessive glutamate is: - answer-cytotoxic Endorphins: - answer-neurotransmitter that helps with pain relief, pleasure, sense of well- being Anxiety disorder: - answer-excessive fear or worry -GAD, Panic, acute anxiety (situational) etc. -increased incidence in women -extremely important to rule out any potential organic cause* -make sure to assess for any suicidal ideations* -use anxiolytics for treatment* What are the anxiolytics available to help treat anxiety? - answer-SSRIs--->1st line* -benzodiazepines -sedative anti-histamines -azapirones -beta blockers SSRIs: - answer-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors -increase the amount of available serotonin at the synaptic cleft -low abuse potential -*drug of choice for depression & anxiety* -takes 1-3 weeks for initial effect but can take 6-8 weeks for optimal effect* -Ex: fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celexa) Side effects of SSRIs? - answer-sexual dysfunction, psychomotor retardation, agitation, nervousness, GI upset, H/A, sedation or insomnia (depending on the particular drug used) -CYP 450 metabolism--watch out for drug to drug interactions which may induce or inhibit SSRI metabolism* What is a major risk with SSRIs? - answer-potential for drug interactions which could inhibit metabolism (increasing serotonin levels) -potential for other serotonin agents to be used in combination with an SSRI such as St. Johns Wort (increasing serotonin levels) --->these could increase serotonin levels to dangerous levels causing *SEROTONIN SYNDROME* What is serotonin syndrome? - answer-overdose of SSRIs or drug to drug interactions -can be mild to severe -rare but very serious* -autonomic instability, diaphoresis, tremor, confusion, agitation, clonus, fever, tremor, hyperreflexia, hyperthermia, respiratory failure, death etc.