Voortgezette Celbiologie Evelien Floor
ES cells, cell reprogramming and
iPS cells
Stem cells
Stem cells are defined as cells that possess the
capability of self-renewal to produce more
stem cells, as well as to undergo a process
called differentiation to produce one or more
types of mature cells. There are different types
of stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells (ESC)
Somatic (adult) stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)
Stem cells can be classified as:
Multipotent
Pluripotent
Totipotent
A multipotent cell can give rise to multiple cell
types but restricted to a single germ layer (e.g
mesenchymal) or to a specific sub lineage (e.g.
hematopoietic lineage). Most adult/somatic stem cells belong to this category.
A pluripotent cell is able to give rise to derivatives of all three germ layers. (e.g. embryonic stem cell).
Not extra-embryonic tissue.
A totipotent cell can produce an entire organism—only a zygote and a blastomere from a 2-8-cell
stage embryo belong to this category.
A fertilized mammalian oocyte is totipotent, but as the cells differentiate they lose developmental
competence. The first morphological differences appear at the morula stage, inner and outer cells
are set aside by asymmetric division. The inner cell mass is pluripotent, it can give rise to all the
different cell types in the organism. Only the epiblast will give rise to the embryo.
Hippo signaling components distinguish
trophectoderm (TE) from the inner cell
mass (ICM). Outer cells don’t receive the
Hippo signal because of an apical signal.
Yap won’t get phosphorylated and can
activate Tead4. Inner cells will get the
Hippo signal because of cell-cell contact.
1
ES cells, cell reprogramming and
iPS cells
Stem cells
Stem cells are defined as cells that possess the
capability of self-renewal to produce more
stem cells, as well as to undergo a process
called differentiation to produce one or more
types of mature cells. There are different types
of stem cells:
Embryonic stem cells (ESC)
Somatic (adult) stem cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)
Stem cells can be classified as:
Multipotent
Pluripotent
Totipotent
A multipotent cell can give rise to multiple cell
types but restricted to a single germ layer (e.g
mesenchymal) or to a specific sub lineage (e.g.
hematopoietic lineage). Most adult/somatic stem cells belong to this category.
A pluripotent cell is able to give rise to derivatives of all three germ layers. (e.g. embryonic stem cell).
Not extra-embryonic tissue.
A totipotent cell can produce an entire organism—only a zygote and a blastomere from a 2-8-cell
stage embryo belong to this category.
A fertilized mammalian oocyte is totipotent, but as the cells differentiate they lose developmental
competence. The first morphological differences appear at the morula stage, inner and outer cells
are set aside by asymmetric division. The inner cell mass is pluripotent, it can give rise to all the
different cell types in the organism. Only the epiblast will give rise to the embryo.
Hippo signaling components distinguish
trophectoderm (TE) from the inner cell
mass (ICM). Outer cells don’t receive the
Hippo signal because of an apical signal.
Yap won’t get phosphorylated and can
activate Tead4. Inner cells will get the
Hippo signal because of cell-cell contact.
1
