UNT BIOL 4051- Exam 1 New Update Actual Test with complete solution

Population - Group of individuals of the same species at some place/ location Community - A group of different species at some place/ location Niche - Habitat/ environment a species is capable of occupying Alpha Diversity - Richness at local community Beta Diversity - Turnover or differences between sites Gamma Diversity - Regional number of species summed Composition - Richness and species identity Structure - Richness, identity, and abundance Ecological Hypotheses - Random-Null Model, Climate (productivity), Time and Area hypothesis, and Evolution rates Random-Null Model - Generated randomized distributions -> Comparison between "expected" and "observed" Climate/ Productivity - Precipitation, sunlight/solar radiation, temperature -> High correlation between high productivity and species richness Time and Area Hypothesis - Tropical environments are older and more widespread than temperate/ polar regionsEvolutionary Rates of Diversification - The rate is smaller in the tropics because there are more species than being killed off by background extinction Species-Area Relationship - Larger areas have more species than smaller areas Transgressive Overyielding - Polyculture outperforms monoculture (Biomass) Species Selection - (Sampling effect) Increased probability of selecting very productive species within each species added Ecology - Study of interactions between organisms and their environment, includes abiotic and biotic factors Assemblages - Subset/ component of a larger community, taxa specific Ecological Models and Testing - Conceptual model, mathematical model, model testing (inductive or deductive) Law of Parssimony - The simplest model that adequately explains the data/pattern is best Occam's Razor - If the simplest model that accurately explains the data or pattern is able to be used don't add more Assumptions for the Exponential Growth Model - The population is closed; constant births and deaths over time; no genetic structure; no age structure; continuous growth (no time lag) Deterministic - Determined by known factors, no chance