Samenvatting literatuur ECB2 | Anouk Wiersma
Emotie, Cognitie en Gedrag 2
Samenvatting literatuur
Inhoudsopgave
Lecture 1: The social brain of adolescents..............................................................................................2
Fett et al: Default distrust? An fMRI investigation of the neural development of trust and
cooperation........................................................................................................................................2
Kilford et al.: The development of social cognition in adolescence; an integrated perspective..........5
Lecture 2: Interventions – emotion, cognition, and behavior...............................................................11
Gross – Chapter 32: Mindfulness interventions and emotion regulation.........................................11
David Veale: Behavioral activation for depression............................................................................13
Lecture 3: Forensic neuropsychology....................................................................................................16
Cruz et al. Executive dysfunction, violence and aggression..............................................................16
Ling et al: Biological explanations of criminal behavior....................................................................18
Lecture 4: Cultural context of psychopathology...................................................................................22
Jarvis et al.,: Update on the cultural formulation interview..............................................................22
Kirmayer et al.,: Culture and psychopathology.................................................................................23
Lecture 5:..............................................................................................................................................25
Gross – Chapter 24: Emotion regulation of anxiety disorders...........................................................25
Van den Hout et al.,: How does EMDR work?...................................................................................27
Lecture 6:..............................................................................................................................................30
Cooley et al.,: ‘Into the wild’ – A meta-synthesis of talking therapy in natural outdoor spaces........30
Meuwese et al.,: The value of nature during psychotherapy: a qualitative study of client
experiences.......................................................................................................................................32
, Samenvatting literatuur ECB2 | Anouk Wiersma
Lecture 1: The social brain of adolescents
Fett et al: Default distrust? An fMRI investigation of the neural
development of trust and cooperation
- Tendency to trust and to cooperate increases from adolescence to adulthood.
o Increasing age was associated with higher trust at the onset of social interactions,
increased levels of trust during interactions with a trustworthy partner and a strong
decline in trust during interactions with an unfair partner.
o Findings demonstrate a behavioral shift towards higher trust and an age-related
increase in the sensitivity to others’ negative social signals.
- Introduction
o During the transition from adolescence to adulthood, social behavior becomes
increasingly oriented towards others.
o Improved mentalizing, the sensitivity to the perspective of others, has been
suggested to drive increases in trust and cooperation.
o Social cognition in action has been investigated with economic exchange paradigms,
such as the trust game.
Trust game: requires mentalizing in order to infer intentions from behavioral
cues of the other player and to appreciate how own behavior leads to a
reputation with others.
During the trust game: the first player (investor) receives an amount of
money from the experimenter and can choose to cooperate (i.e. share any
part of the money) with a second player (trustee) or to defect (i.e. keep the
money). The shared amount is multiplied and the trustee decides whether to
return any part of this amount or whether to keep the money.
Best pay-offs for both players occur when they cooperate.
Trustee yields the highest pay-off by defecting.
To share money, the investor needs to trust in the good intentions of
the trustee.
Investors typically send a share of 50% or more of their initial
endowment; this signal of trust is generally reciprocated by the
trustee.
o fMRI research with the trust game: activation in brain regions important for
mentalizing, reward learning, cognitive control and emotional processing.
Reward network: extending from striatum and specific frontal regions, is
involved in the motivation to cooperate.
Brain networks of cognitive control and social cognition: modulate that ^
motivation in response to contextual information.
o Developmental studies: tendency to invest lower amounts and to have less reciprocal
interactions in adolescents.
Lower propensity of adolescents to mentalize and a subsequently reduced
sensitivity to others’ social signals.
o Age-related increases in brain activation in the left temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)
and the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in response to investor trust.
TPJ has been suggested to play a role in identifying goals and intentions
behind others’ behavior.
Involvement of dorsolateral PFC was hypothesized to reflect the age-related
regulation of selfish responding.
, Samenvatting literatuur ECB2 | Anouk Wiersma
o Age was also associated with decreases in activation in the anterior medial PFC
during defection, when compared with reciprocation of investor trust.
o This study investigated age-related changes in investor behavior as a function of
partner reciprocity.
Participants played two multi-round trust games with anonymous
hypothetical game partners, one with a cooperative and one with an unfair
decision-making style.
If sensitivity to the other person’s behavioral cues increases with age,
more pronounced increases or decreases in the levels of trust with
age should occur in response to cooperation or unfair behavior by
the trustee, respectively.
Hypotheses:
Age would be associated with higher trust and an increased
sensitivity to social signals of others and this would be reflected in (1)
higher initial investments and (2) higher investments throughout
interactions with a cooperative, but (3) lower investments towards
an unfair game partner, as any increased sensitivity to the behavioral
cues of the other person will likely involve better mentalizing skills
and/or better social reward learning.
At neutral level (1) age-related increases in brain activation within
frontal and temporo-parietal brain areas implicated in mentalizing
and (2) age-related decreases in activation in social reward-related
areas during interactions with a cooperative trustee as a
consequence of age-related increases in expectations of the
trustworthiness of others.
During interaction with an unfair trustee, expect increases in brain
areas implicated in mentalizing, but in addition (3) age-related
increases in activation in cognitive control regions because of the
need to suppress the default intention to invest.
- Method
o 45 males between age of 13 and 49 years.
o WASI: used as indicator of general cognitive ability in adolescents (13-18 years) and
the WAIS was used in adults.
o Participants were told that they would play two trust games with anonymous human
counterparts.
In reality: two probabilistic computer algorithms were used to model the
game partners’ behavior, one reflecting a trustworthy, cooperative and one
reflecting an unfair decision-making style.
o Participants were in the investor role.
Asked to transfer an amount between 0 and 10 dollars to the trustee.
Transferred amount was tripled.
Subsequent trustee repayment depended on the previous investments of the
investor and on the computer algorithm.
At the beginning of a new round, they received 10 dollar again, i.e. there
were no cumulative totals.
The order of the trustees (cooperative / unfair) was counterbalanced
between subjects.
Each trust game: 20 trust game rounds and 20 randomly interspaced control
rounds.
, Samenvatting literatuur ECB2 | Anouk Wiersma
- Results
o Behavioral data
Participants made significantly higher investments in the cooperative than in
the unfair condition.
Age was significantly and positively associated with the initial investments
(basic trust towards an anonymous interaction partner increased with age).
During cooperative interactions, there was a significant effect of age and
block.
The interaction between age and block was not significant.
Thus, while all partners increased their investments in response to
cooperation, older people continued to make higher investments
throughout the course of repeated cooperative interactions.
In the unfair condition, there was no significant effect of age. A higher block
number was significantly associated with lower investments (all participants
decreased their levels of trust in response to unfair behavior).
First block: significant positive association between age and
investments. All other blocks not significant, showing that this effect
was driven by a stronger decline in initial trust in older individuals.
o Imaging data
Cooperative condition: age was positively associated with increasing brain
activation in foci in the left TPJ, extending into the inferior parietal lobule.
Also activation evident in de bilateral middle frontal gyri and the right
precentral gyri.
Negative correlation between brain activation and age was present in
the orbitofrontal cortex, the caudate nucleus, and the bilateral
dorsomedial PFC.
Unfair condition: increasing age was correlated with increasing activation in
the left TPJ, including the inferior parietal lobule and the mid-cingulate gyrus.
Increasing age was also associated with decreasing signal in the left
posterior cingulate gyrus, thalamus, and the bilateral dorsomedial
PFC.
Interaction between age and condition was present in the posterior cingulate
gyrus and precuneus and within foci in the lingual gyrus.
With increasing age, these structures were more sensitive to
cooperation.
With increasing age, the anterior cingulate became more active in
response to unfair behavior.
- Discussion
o Age was associated with higher levels of trust at the onset of social interactions and
throughout interactions with a cooperative partner, but also with a steeper decline in
the levels of trust throughout interactions with an unfair partner.
o Association between age and increased activation in the left TPJ were present during
investment decision towards both game partners.
During cooperative interactions: activity in the orbitofrontal cortex and
caudate nucleus decreased with age, but increased in the posterior
cingulate / precuneus region.
Anterior cingulate became increasingly responsive to unfair behavior as age
increased.
