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Summary THE CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS 1950S TO 1970S, CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA (1970’S AND 1980’S), THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST €5,43
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Summary THE CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS 1950S TO 1970S, CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA (1970’S AND 1980’S), THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST
Summary of the 2019 History paper two topics. Includes timelines, tables and in bullet point form. The topics are; THE CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS 1950S TO 1970S, CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA (1970’S AND 1980’S), THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST.
THE CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS 1950S TO 1970S..................................................................................2
TIMELINE.............................................................................................................................................2
THE US CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT...........................................................................................................4
REASONS AND ORIGINS OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT.................................................................................4
THE ROLE, IMPACT AND INFLUENCE OF MARTIN LUTHER KING JUNIOR.................................................................5
THE ROLE AND INFLUENCE OF GANDHI AND PASSIVE RESISTANCE ON MARTIN LUTHER KING JR.................................5
FORMS OF PROTEST THROUGH CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE...........................................................................................6
SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM GAINS...........................................................................................................8
THE BLACK POWER MOVEMENT...............................................................................................................9
REASONS FOR THE MOVEMENT.....................................................................................................................9
BLACK PANTHERS.....................................................................................................................................10
ROLES OF STOKELY CARMICHAEL AND MALCOLM X........................................................................................10
SHORT AND LONG TERM GAINS..................................................................................................................11
OTHER FORMS OF CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS IN THE USA..............................................................................12
THE WOMEN’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT AND FEMINIST MOVEMENTS IN THE 1960’S & 70’S...............................12
CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA (1970’S AND 1980’S)..............................................................17
TIMELINE...........................................................................................................................................17
THE CHALLENGE OF BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS TO THE APARTHEID STATE...........................................................19
.....................................................................................................................................................19
THE NATURE AND AIMS OF BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS........................................................................................19
THE ROLE OF STEVE BIKO..........................................................................................................................19
THE 1976 SOWETO UPRISING....................................................................................................................20
THE LEGACY OF BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS ON SOUTH AFRICAN POLITICS...............................................................20
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL PRESSURES ON THE SOUTH AFRICAN GOVERNMENT IN THE 1980’S.............................21
GOVERNMENT ATTEMPTS TO REFORM APARTHEID...........................................................................................21
THE 1982 BLACK LOCAL AUTHORITIES ACT...................................................................................................22
THE TRICAMERAL PARLIAMENT...................................................................................................................22
INTERNAL PRESSURES...........................................................................................................................23
NEW METHODS OF MOBILISATION..............................................................................................................23
THE ROLE OF CIVIC ORGANISATIONS.............................................................................................................23
THE UNITED DEMOCRATIC FRONT...............................................................................................................24
THE END OF CONSCRIPTION CAMPAIGN AND THE BLACK SASH...........................................................................24
THE MASS DEMOCRATIC MOVEMENT..........................................................................................................25
EXTERNAL PRESSURES..........................................................................................................................26
ACTIVITIES OF THE ANTI-APARTHEID MOVEMENTS...........................................................................................26
DISINVESTMENT AND SANCTIONS................................................................................................................26
RELEASE MANDELA CAMPAIGN...................................................................................................................27
SUPPORT FOR THE ANTI-APARTHEID STRUGGLE IN AFRICA................................................................................27
THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST ..........29
,TIMELINE...........................................................................................................................................29
POLITICAL GROUPS IN SOUTH AFRICA IN 1990 – 1994..............................................................................30
THE NEGOTIATED SETTLEMENT AND GOVERNMENT OF NATIONAL UNITY........................................................31
BACKGROUND....................................................................................................................................31
SECRET NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE ANC IN EXILE.............................................................................................31
NEGOTIATIONS WITH MANDELA..................................................................................................................32
1990 – 1991..................................................................................................................................32
UNBANNING OF ORGANISATIONS AND RELEASE OF POLITICAL PRISONERS............................................................32
DEBATES AROUND NEGOTIATIONS................................................................................................................33
CODESA 1.............................................................................................................................................34
BREAKDOWN OF NEGOTIATIONS.............................................................................................................36
‘WHITES ONLY’ REFERENDUM.....................................................................................................................36
VIOLENCE IN THE 1990’S AND DEBATES AROUND THE VIOLENCE.......................................................................36
RECORD OF UNDERSTANDING AND THE ‘SUNSET’ CLAUSE.................................................................................37
MULTI-PARTY NEGOTIATION PROCESS RESUMES........................................................................................37
FORMAL MULTI-PARTY NEGOTIATIONS RESUMED............................................................................................37
THE MURDER OF CHRIS HANI.....................................................................................................................38
ONGOING VIOLENCE............................................................................................................................38
THE AWB INVASION OF THE WORLD TRADE CENTRE......................................................................................38
VIOLENT ATTACKS BY APLA........................................................................................................................38
FINAL ROAD TO DEMOCRACY IN 1994.....................................................................................................39
THE FALL OF MANGOPE AND GQOZO AND THE BOPHUTHATSWANA SHOOTINGS...................................................39
SHELL HOUSE MASSACRE...........................................................................................................................39
DRAFTING OF THE CONSTITUTION AND THE BILL OF RIGHTS..............................................................................39
FREEDOM FRONT AND IFP JOIN ELECTIONS...................................................................................................40
SOUTH AFRICA’S FIRST DEMOCRATIC ELECTION...............................................................................................40
HOW HAS SOUTH AFRICA CHOSEN TO REMEMBER THE PAST.........................................................................41
THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION........................................................................................41
REASONS FOR THE TRC.............................................................................................................................41
VARIOUS FORMS OF JUSTICE.......................................................................................................................41
THE WORK OF THE TRC.............................................................................................................................41
DEBATES CONCERNING THE TRC.................................................................................................................42
RESPONSES OF POLITICAL PARTIES AND REASONS FOR THE RESPONSES TO THE TRC AND THE FINAL REPORT OF THE TRC:
NATIONAL PARTY, INKATHA FREEDOM PARTY AND AFRICAN NATIONAL CONGRESS...............................................44
1
,The Civil Society Protests 1950s to 1970s
Timeline
1956
1954 Woman's anti-pass march to
1955
US Supreme Court ruling Pretoria; US Supreme Court
Montgomery Bus Boycott
against segregated schools ruling against segregated
busses
1957
1958
Court Ruling on desegragation 1960
Formation of Campaign for
of Little Rock High School, Start of 'sit-in' protests
Nuclear Disarmament
Arkansas
1964 1965
1963
Civil Rights Act in the USA Voting Rights Act in the USA;
Civil Rights march in
outlawing discrimination on Selma to Montomery march;
Washington D.C; Birmingham
the grounds of race and Riots in Watts, Los Angeles;
Campaign
gender; Freedom Summer Assasination of Malcom X
1966 1968
1967
Formation of National Assasination of Martin Luther
Riots in many US cities (e.g.
Organisation for Women; King Jr.; Student protests in
Detroit, Newark)
Formation of Black Panthers Paris
1970
Shootings of Anti-Vietnam War
protesters at Kent State
University, USA
2
, 3
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