COKO Exam (2024/2025) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers)

COKO Exam (2024/2025) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) COKO Exam (2024/2025) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) COKO Exam (2024/2025) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) COKO Exam (2024/2025) Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 1 / 34 COKO Exam Questions and Answers (Verified Answers) 1. Stretch or partial damage of the ligaments, no displacement, and pain with abduction past 90 degrees ANS What are the signs and symptoms of 1st degree AC( Acromion clavicular) Joint Sprain? 2. What are the signs and symptoms of 2nd degree AC Joint Sprain ANS Ruptureof ligaments, clavicle shifted superiorly, and pain with compression of the clavicle and pain with passive horizontal adduction (When the arm is abducted 90degrees and the bringing it in medially). 3. What are the signs and symptoms of 3rd degree AC Joint Sprain ANS Ruptureof many ligaments, very painfulCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 1 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 2 / 34 eral Epi- nic injury that . 4. Explain the mechanisms of injury and signs/symptoms of Lat condylitis: Lateral Epicondylitis (also known as tennis elbow) is a chro occurs from overuse of forearm extensors (gripping). This is seen as repeated varus stress to the elbow joint. Symptoms: May be pain at the site and swelling and bruising. 5. Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel and characterized especially by weakness, pain, and disturbances of sensation in the hand and fingers. Usually done by repetitive overuse or direct trauma.Symptoms: Pain at night, relief with shaking hand.Pain on the palmar side. Grip & Pinch limited May worsen when the wrist is fully extended of flexed with gripping. 6. What are the cardinal signs of inflammationCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 2 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 3 / 34 ANS Redness, Heat, Swelling, Pain,and Loss of Function 7. What sort of diet may aid in pain reduction ANS A ketogenic diet has anti-inflam-matory properties, thus decreases inflammation and reduces pain.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 3 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 4 / 34 ellofemoral fuel; insulates 8. Which two joints make up the knee joint ANS Tibiofemoral Joint & PatJoint 9. Tommy comes into the clinic with a swollen knee and can't extend or flexhis knee. He is unable to weight bear or walk. He explains this happened whenhe was changing direction in soccer. What do these clinical symptoms most likely represent ANS ACL Tear 10. Christina comes into your clinic and complains that while she was playing volleyball she hurt her knee while it was flexed she complains of "knee clicking/locking" and you notice she has limited ROM and has tenderness inthe knee joint line. What do these clinical symptoms most likely represent ANS -Meniscal Tear 11. What is the function of adipose tissue ANS provides reserve foodagainst heat loss; supports and protects organsCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 4 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 5 / 34 ip?: An- al Plane), In- nee?: Flex- nkle?: Plantar houlder?- ontal plane), 12. What is blood made of ANS plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets 13. What is the primary joint motion and plane of action of the h swer: Flexion/extension (Sagittal Plane), Adduction/Abduction (Frontternal/External Rotation (Transverse) 14. What is the primary joint motion and plane of action of the a flexion/ Dorsiflexion in the sagittal plane. Inversion & Eversion 15. What is the primary joint motion and plane of action of the s : Answer: Flexion/Extension (Sagittal plane), Abduction/Adduction (frInternal/External Rotation (Transverse plane). 16. What is the primary joint motion and plane of action of the elbow ANS Flex-ion/Extension in sagittal planeCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 5 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 6 / 34 17. What is the primary joint motion and plane of action of the spine ANS Flex-ion/extension (Sagittal plane), Lateral bending (Frontal), Rotation (Transverse) 18. What is joint stability determined by ANS Geometry of articular surfaces, periar-ticular passive tissues, periarticular muscles. 19. Where is red bone marrow found in the bone and what is its function ANS Redbone marrow is found in the Epiphysis region of the bone and it's the area that produces red blood cells (this process is called hematopoiesis). 20. What are the pros and cons for taking Bisphosphonates for bone remodel-ing ANS Bisphosphonates are a class of drug that reduces bone loss. It is also provento enhance bone density and reduce fracture incident in women. However the cons are that if there is a prolonged use past 4 years, this will increase the risk of atypical fracture. 21. What key features of physical rehabilitation programs aim to optimize bone health ANS Cyclic loading with high strain rates and regular rest/recovery.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 6 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 7 / 34 astic Modulus 22. Does whole-body vibration have an effect on bone remodeling ANS Answer: Whole body vibration may be an effective strategy for young women to achieve peakbone mass and shave off osteoporosis later on in life. 23. What are two factors that affect a joints range of motion ANS Eland Tensile Strength. 24. The interaction of proteoglycans, collagen, and water in hyaline cartilage has what effect ANS Impart strength and resilience to cartilage. 25. A young lady comes into the clinic with intra-articular swelling in the knee region. You perform a deep-knee test but the individual feels no pain. She explains she injured it when she was carrying a heavy box and turned/twistedher knee.You also notice there is popping/clicking. What possible injury doesshe haveCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 7 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 8 / 34 ANS Meniscus tear 26. A patient has come into the clinic with CAD. Explain the routine assess- ment of exercise that should be performed on this patient based on the guidelines for exercise testing by ACSM ANS The following should be monitored: HR, BP, Body weight (BW), symptoms or signs that they are undergoing a change inclinical status (light headiness, dizziness, irregular pulse, etc.), ECG/HR surveillance(using technology). 27. What is axial force ANS Acting along the long axis of a structure.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 8 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 9 / 34 essive nt due to the 33. What is shear force ANS force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance 34. When does an injury occur ANS When the load exceeds a tissue's maximumtolerance. 35. When do cumulative trauma disorders occur ANS When the injury results fromrepeated loads with insufficient time to recover. 36. What is elasticity ANS ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length afterstretched 37. What is Plasticity 31. What is compressive force?: force that tends to shorten or squeeze some- thing, decreasing its volume 32. What is tension force?: "pulling apart force" opposite of comprCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 9 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 10 / 34 ANS Tendency to assume a new and greater length after apassive stretch (Flexible). 38. What is a ligament sprain ANS Partial or complete tear of a ligamejoint moving beyond the range of motion. 39. What is the purpose of inflammation during an injury ANS Get rid of an irritantand promote and repair healing of the damaged tissue. 40. In the ATP-PC cycle what is the: 1. Major Energy SourceCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 10 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 11 / 34 2. Rate of ATP Production: Major energy source is Creatine Phosphate which provides ATP very quick (Quickest) & uses no oxygen. 41. In the Glycolysis Cycle what is the: 1. Major Energy Source 2. Rate of ATP Production: Major energy source is glucose and it takes 10 reac- tions (2nd fastest) & uses no energy so it cant be sustained for long 42. In the Aerobic Respiration cycle what is the: 1. Major Energy Source 2. Rate of ATP Production: Major energy source is everything it is sluggish and the slowest. It uses oxygen so can be used for a long time. 43. What is a Muscle Twitch ANS a motor unit's response to a single action potentialof its motor neuron 44. Characteristics of type 1 muscle fibre: This muscle is known to be "Slow Oxidative" -it is slow in contracting. -Uses oxygen -Has lots of mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin -Low amounts of glycogen -Fatigue resistant ex: Running a Marathon 45. Characteristics of type IIa muscle fibre: This muscle is known to be "Fast Oxidative" -it is fast in contracting.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 11 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 12 / 34 -Uses oxygen -some mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin -some amounts of glycogen -moderately fatigue resistantex: circuit training 46. Characteristics of type Iix muscle fibre: This muscle is known to be "Fast Glycolytic" -fast in contracting. -Uses less oxygen -few mitochondria, capillaries, myoglobin -high amounts of glycogen -highly fatigueex: sprinting 47. In the pancreas what do alpha cells produce ANS glucagon 48. In the pancreas what do beta cells produce ANS insulinCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 12 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 13 / 34 49. pulmonary circulation: flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart 50. systemic circulation: circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs 51. Cardiac circulation: The circulation of blood around the heart only 52. How does blood flow through the heart ANS Inferior and superior vena cava (1)dump blood into the right atrium (2) Right ventricle (3) 2 pulmonary arteries (4) that lead to the lungs (5) where blood becomes oxygenated Pulmonary veins (6) bring blood from the lungs back to the left atrium (7) Left ventricle (8) is large and muscular to pump blood into the aorta (9) and to therest of the body (10) Eventually blood will be pumped back to each vena cava (1) 53. How does blood flow through the body ANS Parallel flow Oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle to the body through arteries; oxygen/waste is transferred in capillaries and deoxygenated blood moves through veins to the right atrium, then to the right ventricle which pumps it to the lungs whereoxygen is returned in the capillaries of the alveoli, moves to the left atrium than theleft ventricle and the process begins again. 54. P wave: atrial depolarization 55. QRS complex: ventricular depolarization 56. T wave: ventricular repolarizationCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 13 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 14 / 34 57. sympathetic nervous system: the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations 58. parasympathetic nervous system: the division of the autonomic nervous sys- tem that calms the body, conserving its energy 59. cardiac output: The volume of blood ejected from the left side of the heart in one minute. (L/min) HRxSV 60. Average HR: 70 bpm 61. Average SV: 70 ml/beat 62. Average Q at rest: ~5L/min 63. Factors influencing stroke volume: 1. Ventricular contractility 2. End-diastolic volume (EDV) 3. Afterload 64. What is ventricular contractility ANS Measure of ventricles' capacity to generateforceCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 14 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 15 / 34 ammation, 65. What is preload (EDV) ANS the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts 66. What is afterload ANS pressure in the arteries against which the left ventricle mustpump/overcome 67. What effects afterload ANS 1. HBP 2. Lifting heavy weights 68. Steps of Excitation-Contraction Coupling: 1. Action potential in sarcolemma 2. Action potential down T tubules 3. DHP receptors of T tubules open Ca2+ channels (ryanodine receptors) in lateral sacs of SR 4. Ca2+ increases in cytosol 5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, shifting tropomyosin 6. Crossbridge cycling occurs 69. The body will go through healing phases what are they ANS Inflproliferation, and remodeling. 70. How long does inflammation occur for and what procedures can be done to aid in healing during this time period ANS 3-5 days and RICE, which will minimizethe damage and modalities, which will increase blood flow and reduce pain. 71. How long will a ligament heal for before remodeling will occurCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 15 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 16 / 34 ANS Prolifera-tion may take 4-6 weeks before remodeling occurs. 72. Give a brief explanation of all 3 phases included in therapeutic healing and what initiatives should take place ANS Inflammation phase (during this phase no exercise and relieve the pain, spasms and edema with RICE and modalities. 2.Proliferation phase (do easy ROM, passive ROM, grades I and II joint mobilization,and pain relief with modalities). 3. Remodeling phase (work on strength, coordina-tion, power, agility, and restoration to optimal function. 73. disease prevention: the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress 74. health promotion: the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health 75. 5 dimensions of health: physical, mental, emotional, social, spiritual 76. 5 dimensions of the Ottawa Charter: 1. Building Healthy Public Policy 2. Creating Supportive Environments 3. Strengthening community action 4. Developing personal skills 5. Reorienting health services based on priorities 77. Epimediology: The study of patterns and how they can influence the cause and effect of health or disease.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 16 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 17 / 34 eg. seatbelt searchers ran- and expose ection of the 80. observational study: observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses 81. cohort study: A type of epidemiologic study where a group of exposed individ-uals (individuals who have been exposed to the potential risk factor) and a group of non-exposed individuals are followed over time to determine the incidence of disease. (Can be longitudinal, cross-sectional, or case-controlled. 82. meta-analytic study: a study that involves contrasting and combining results from different studies, with the aim of finding patterns among the results that mightbring about new information 83. randomized controlled trial: An experimental study in which re domly assign individuals to either an experimental or a control group the experimental group to the manipulated variable of interest. 84. cross-sectional study: A study in which a representative cross s population is tested or surveyed at one specific time. 78. coersion: use of laws and regulations to force someone to obey ( law, smoking laws. etc.) 79. Persuasion: seeking to influence people's actions to adopt health actions.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 17 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 18 / 34 of individuals ithout the 85. Case-control study: A type of epidemiologic study where a group with the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals w disease, referred to as controls 86. If a study indicates that the relative risk is 0.63 for CVD what can you conclude about the product's effect ANS 1-0.63=0.37 Therefore the product reducesthe risk of CVD by 37% 87. What is external validity ANS the extent to which the results of a study can begeneralized to other situations and to other people 88. What is internal validity ANS the extent to which a causal conclusion based onhow well the trial was, and how much you can trust the results.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 18 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 19 / 34 89. What are some factors that affect internal validity ANS cofounding factors, ran-domization, participants similar at baseline, follow- up completed, and trial stoppedearly. 90. How do we know a trial is effective ANS Larger sample size and not many aredropping out. 91. Transtheoretical Model of Change (TTM): 1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance 92. Out of the 5 stages in theTTM, which stage would you find people are most defensive when you talk about change ANS Precontemplation 93. Out of the 5 stages in theTTM, which stage would you find people are most likely to relapse ANS Action 94. Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people goingto their doctor to get a PAR-MEDX form ANS Preparation 95. Out of the 5 stages in the TTM, which stage would you find people believe that the pros outweigh the cons ANS Action/Maintenance 96. Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB): a theory that predicts health behavior on the basis of three factors: personal attitude toward the behavior, the subjective normCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 19 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 20 / 34 e SCT include environment ations , out- utcome), onal learning, d, including gram goals. regarding the behavior, and perceived degree of control over the behavior 97. social cognitive theory (SCT): Health behavior theory that describes the rec- iprocal influence and dynamic interaction between an individual's personal factors,the environment, and specific health behaviors. Major constructs of th environments , situations (an individual's cognitive perceptions of the that may affect his behavior), behavioral capability , outcome expect come expectancies (the value an individual places on an expected o self-regulation (ability to engage in goal-directed behavior), observati reinforcements, perceived self-efficacy , emotional coping responses, and reciprocal determinism . 98. self-efficacy: An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. 99. Logic Model: Visual representation of how a program is organize activities, resources, short-term and intermediate outcomes, and pro 100. Precede-Proceed Model: Consists of eight phases that provide a framework for intervention. It is an educational and ecologic model that incorporates planning forCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 20 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 21 / 34 ation methods 101. hypergylcemia: high blood sugar 102. Hyperinsulinemia: the presence of excess insulin in the blood 103. Ectomorph: a person with a lean and delicate body build. 104. Mesomorph: a person with a compact and muscular body build 105. Endomorph: Round and heavy body type evidence-based best practices, interventions, and integration of evalu for improvement of quality.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 21 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 22 / 34 evel 2) Safety steem, (level 106. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: (level 1) Physiological Needs, (l and Security, (level 3) Relationships, Love and Affection, (level 4) Self E 5) Self Actualization 107. self-determination theory: a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation 108. Ejection Fraction (EF): The fraction of blood pumped out of the left ventricle with each contraction, determined by dividing stroke volume by end-diastolic volumeand expressed as a percentage. ex: SV/EDV 70ml/130ml=0.54 (54%)COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 22 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 23 / 34 109. End Diastolic Volume (EDV): Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end ofdiastole ("preload") 110. End Systolic Volume (ESV): Amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole (contraction). 111. Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP): Pressure that propels the blood to the tissues MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure 112. total peripheral resistance: the resistance of the entire cardiovascular system 113. As cardiac output increases, what effect does it have on MAP andTPR: AsQ INC, more blood is being ejected out of the heart each minute. MAP increases which cause blood vessels to dilate causing TPR to decrease MAP INCTPR DEC 114. Individuals on beta blockers experience what changes to their HR ANS mayhave reduced HR response to exercise and an increased or decreased maximal exercise capacity. 115. What is HIIT training ANS High Intensity Interval Training involves alternating 3-4min periods of high intensity (80-90% HRR) with exercise at 60-70% HRR. 116. What effect does HIIT have on patients with coronary heart disease ANS HIITfor approx. 40min/3x a week has shown improvement in V02 peak 117. What changes in metabolic activity can control blood flow ANS Active Hyper-aemia, Reactive Hyperaemia, Arterial Stretch, Locally SecretedCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 23 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 24 / 34 2 Chemical Messen-gers 118. active hyperemia: increased blood flow through a tissue associated with the increased metabolic activity (C02, adenosine, and K+). 119. vasodialate: widening of blood vessels due to increase in C0 120. reactive hyperemia: increase in blood flow after it is temporarily disrupted 121. resting blood flow (CO): 5L/min 122. Exercise blood flow (CO): 25L/min 123. blood pressure (BP): The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them. 124. blood flow: volume of blood flowing through vessel, organ, or entire circulationin given period 125. Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR): resistance to blood flow 126. Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR) is determined by which 3 factors ANS - Blood vessel diameter Blood viscosityCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 24 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 25 / 34 blood vessel length 127. Q= MAP/TPR what happens when 1. pressure inc? 2. resistance increases ANS Pressure inc= INC MAP, INC Q, DEC TPRResistance inc= INC TPR, DEC MAP, DEC Q 128. Which factors are vitamin K dependent ANS 2, 7, 9, 10 129. Which factors are produced by contracting a muscle, causing vasodila-tion ANS Adenosine, NO, C02, DEC in pH (INC in H+) 130. What is MAP if the DBP is 80 and pulse pressure is 50 ANS MAP= DBP + PP/3MAP= 80 + 50/3 =130/3 =43 131. Baroeceptors: located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to changes in BP 132. fasting plasma glucose (FPG): measures circulating glucose level in a patient who has fasted at least 8 hours 133. fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in a healthy adult is: 5.6 mmol/L 134. fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in an adult with diabetes is: 7.0 mmol/L 135. Stroke Volume (SV): The volume of blood pumped forward with eachCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 25 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 26 / 34 ventric-ular contraction. =EDV-ESV (The volume at the end of diastole)-(The volume after systole). 136. Average individual has how many litres of blood ANS 5.5L of blood 137. What sort of diet induces RBC production ANS Iron, & Folic Acid 138. What feature does the trachea have to prevent it from collapsing ANS - C-shaped cartilage (Provides rigidity and maintains airways open). 139. What activity occurs in the lungs during exercise and what hormones are being produced ANS Activity in the simpatico division causes the adrenal medulla to release hormones E and NE, This causes relaxation of the bronchioles and will dilate the airway. and lung venti-lation improves and increases. 140. During inhalation, the diaphragm: contracts and moves downward 141. During exhalation the diaphragm: relaxes and moves upCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 26 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 27 / 34 142. During inhalation: the diaphragm contracts, chest expands, the lungs are pulled outward, and alveolar pressure decreases. (Volume increases + Pressure decreases) 143. During exhalation: the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs recoil inward, and aveolar pressure increases forcing air out of the lungs (Volume decreases + Pressure increases). 144. During respiration what does tidal wave represent ANS (regular breath) vol-ume of air that moves into and out of the lungs during a single, unforced breath. avg. 500ml 145. During respiration what does IRV (inspiratory reserve volume) repre- sent ANS Max amount of volume that can be inspired after the end of a normal inspiration (quick breath in past normal breath) arg. 3000ml 146. During respiration what does ERV expiratory reserve volume) represent?- : Max amount of volume that can be expired after the end of a normal expiration(quick breath out past normal breath) avg., 1000ml 147. During respiration what does RV residual volume) represent ANS Volume ofair left in the lungs after a max expiration. (dead space) avg. 1200ml 148. During obstructive breathing, how are breathing and volumes affected,COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 27 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 28 / 34 and what are some examples ANS 1. Harder to breath out (DEC. FEV1) 2. Smaller Airway (INC. RV) Examples: Chronic Bronchitis Emphysema 149. During restrictive breathing, how are breathing and volumes affected, and what are some examples ANS Lung expansion is triggered so it is harder to breathe in and out, This is usually caused by damaged lungs. This will effect: DEC. TLC DEC. VC DEC. RV Examples: Cystic FibrosisCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 28 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 29 / 34 e thyroid food and harynx and lveoli and exchange. 150. What is the function of the Larynx ANS Voice production, & organizand cricoid cartilage (epiglottis flap) to keep the airway open, and keepsdrink out of lungs 151. What is the function of the Trachea ANS carries air between the plungs 152. What is the function of the Bronchioles ANS carries air between the athe bronchi 153. What is the function of the Alveoli ANS Provides surface area for gas 154. Fick Equation: VO2 = Q x a-vO2 differenceCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 29 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 30 / 34 21% Oxygen, (How much O2 is being utilized at any given point) 155. Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER): the ratio of carbon dioxide expired to oxygen consumed at the level of the lungs Avg. 0.8 (This can change with diet and exercise). 156. What is the RER of fat during exercise ANS The amount of fat used duringexercise is ~0.7 157. What is the RER of carbs during exercise ANS The amount of carbs usedduring exercise is ~1 158. What is the composition of the atmosphere ANS 78% Nitrogen,and 1% other gases (0.04% carbon dioxide) 159. Is there a greater concentration on 02 or c02 in the blood ANS co2 160. pulmonary edema: fluid in the air sacs and bronchiolesCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 30 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 31 / 34 saturated with 161. How is O2 transported in the blood ANS Oxygen is carried in blood by dissolving into plasma (only about 1%), and being carried by hemoglobin (99% of the time) 162. oxygen dissociation curve: A curve on a graph that shows how oxygen hemoglobin is at any given partial pressure. 163. How does temperature affect the oxygen dissociation curve ANS -INC in tempshifts the curve to the right -DEC in temp shifts the curve to the left (This will cause a greater unloading of O2 in the tissues). 164. How does pH affect the oxygen dissociation curve ANS Lower pH increases 02 unloading. (This is called the Bohr effect). This increases H+ production, causingmore 02 to unload for binding causing an acidic enviro. 165. How does high altitude affect the oxygen dissociation curve ANS Increase in 02 unloading as the body needs more 02 to breathe (at high altitudes saturation islower). 166. Cells produce how much C02 and 02 ANS 200ml of Co2250ml of 02COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 31 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 32 / 34 167. What is the pH of blood ANS 7.35-7.45 168. Which parts of the respiratory system act as an acid/base buffer ANS Hemo- globin acts as a hydrogen ion buffer. (it will bind to excess H+ ions produced duringC02 metabolism. 169. Binding and releasing 02 by hemoglobin is affected by:: P02 Temperature Blood pHPco2 Altitude 170. Haldane effect: low level of oxyhemoglobin enables the blood to transportmore CO2 171. Acidosis: pH < 7.35 172. Alkalosis: pH > 7.45 173. What is the nephron and what is it composed of ANS the functional unit of thekidneysCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 32 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 33 / 34 ocess that sion of the Glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distaltubule, and collecting duct 174. glomerular filtration: The first step in urine formation in which substances in blood pass through the filtration membrane and the filtrate enters the proximalconvoluted tubule of the nephron. 175. How many litres are filtered per day by the glomerular filtration rate ANS 180L/day 176. Control of the GFR: Autoregulation by kidneys: 1. Homeostasis is disturbed: this causes filtrate to decrease and urine production to decrease as well. 2. Response: The body responds to this by dilating the afferent arterioles and constricting the efferent arterioles. 3. Homeostasis is re-established: GFR normal now and glomerular blood pressure increases. 177. renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: the compensatory pr leads to increased blood pressure and blood volume to ensure perfu kidneys; important in the continual regulation of blood pressure 178. How does micturition occur? (How do we pee): 1. Urine is formed in the renal tubules 2. Fluid is drained into the renal pelvis and into the ureter 3. Ureters lead to bladder 4. Bladder stores urine until its excreted 179. Average MAP is approx. 80mmHg why would it drop lower than this ANS de-hydration, internal bleeding.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 33 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 34 / 34 180. Aldosterone: "salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher bloodvolume and pressure 181. anaerobic exercise: intense physical activity that requires little oxygen but uses short bursts of energy 182. lactate threshold: point at which lactate rapidy begins to accumulate in the blood 183. peak power: highest power output achieved during a test 184. What is the most accurate method to test lactate threshold ANS Blood sam-ples during a V02 max test 185. How would you measure lactate threshold from a 30min time trial test?- : The client selects the max intensity they can sustain for 30 minutes. After tracking distance and heart rate you would use the values for an equation. 186. target exercise heart rate: Karvonen Method: = (% Exercise intensity x HRR) + HRrestCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 34 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 35 / 34 % HRMax Method: = (% exercise intensity x HRmax) 187. Target Body Weight: FFM (lbs) = BM x %FFM then use the answer for TBM= FFM (lbs)/% FFM goal 188. weight loss: BM loss = current BM - target BM BM loss x 3,500 (kcal/lb) = total kcal deficit needed 189. Explain the method of taking HR, and identify the average values: Assess- ing resting HR can identify baseline values that can later be used to compare values. Average HR is 60-80bpm Radial Pulse: radial pulse is found on the inside of the wrist on the lateral side. Carotid Pulse: The carotid artery is found on the neck between the windpipe and neck muscle, and just under the jaw. Apical Pulse: with the use of a stethoscope 190. Prehypertension BP: Systolic: 120-139 Diastolic: 80-89 191. Stage 1 hypertension BP: Systolic: 140-159 Diastolic: 90-99COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 35 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 36 / 34 192. Stage 2 hypertension BP: >160/>100 193. optimal LDL cholesterol classification: <100 mg/dL 194. Total Cholesterol classification: <200 mg/dL 195. HDL cholesterol classification: < 40- low >/= 60- high 196. Triglycerides classification: <150 197. What is a low HDL cholesterol associated with ANS inversely associated withCVD risk 198. What is the BMI cutoff for obesity ANS >30 199. What is the BMI cutoff for overweight ANS >25 200. What is a BMI of <18.5 classified ANS Underweight 201. What is a BMI of 18.5-24.9 classified ANS Normal 202. What is a BMI of 27 classified ANS Overweight 203. What is a BMI of 22 classified ANS NormalCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 36 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 37 / 34 204. To decrease the risk of CVD a women and a male should have a waist circumference less than:: <89 cm [35"] (women) <99 cm [39'] (male) 205. What is poor body composition for an adult male ANS 25%-35% 206. What is good body composition for an adult male ANS 5-25% 207. What is poor body composition for an adult female ANS 25-40% 208. What is good body composition for an adult female ANS 10-25% 209. When predicting V02 max what two parameters are important to have ANS 1.Two consecutive HR measurements between 110 beats/min 2. 70% HRmax 210. What is a poor V02 max for an adult male ANS <40 ml/kg/min 211. What is a good V02 max for an adult male ANS >45/50 ml/kg/min 212. What is a poor V02 max for an adult female ANS <30/35 ml/kg/min 213. What is a good V02 max for an adult female ANS >40/50ml/kg/min 214. Muscular Strength: the amount of force your muscles can exertCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 37 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 38 / 34 sical tasks215. Muscular Endurance: the ability of your muscles to perform phy over a period of time without tiring 216. Muscular Power: amount of work performed by muscles in a given period oftime (1RM max) 217. What systolic BP is an indication to stop treatment ANS >250 mmHg 218. Rate Pressure Product (RPP): An estimate of the myocardial oxygen con- sumption, calculated as the product of heart (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) 219. What exercise program/considerations would you give someone with balance/mobility considerations: 1. Progressive difficult postures that gradually reduce the base of support (eg. two --> one legged stance). 2. Dynamic movements that perturb the center of gravity (tandem walk). 3. Stressing postural muscle groups (toe stands). 4. Reducing sensory input (standing with eyes closed). 5. tai chi 220. What are 4 examples of submaximal exercise protocols: 1. mCAFT 2. Ebbeling treadmill test 3. YMCA cycle ergometer test 4. Rockport 1 mile walk testCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 38 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 39 / 34 h loss of artic- one spurs) at the joints 221. At what HR should a workout be at ANS Equivalent to approximately 20-30% ofHeart Rate Reserve or 35-45% of age- predicted Maximum Heart Rate 222. When should you stop an aerobic test, according to CESP guidelines ANS 1.Client asks to stop 2. Physical or verbal manifestations of severe fatigue 3. Onset of angina or angina like symptoms (e.g., clients complains of chest pain) 4. Stop test if BP is >260 (systolic) or >115 (diastolic) OR systolic BP drops >10 from baseline with increasing workload 5. Signs of poor perfusion (light-headed, confusion, ataxia, pallor,cyanosis, nausea, cold/clammy skin) 6. Equipment failure 223. What BMI classifies someone as obese, and what exercise recommenda- tions would you give ANS Obesity is defined as having a BMI that is over 30kg/m2. To reduce body weight EE must exceed EI. To promote and sustain weight loss individuals should progress to at least 250min/week. To achieve this they should exercise for ~1hr/day for 5-7days. 224. Osteoarthritis (OA): progressive, degenerative joint disease wit ular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes, or barticular surfaces 225. Rhuematoid Arthritis (RA): chronic autoimmune disorder inCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 39 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 40 / 34 mage to the aralysis whichand some organs of other body systems are attacked 226. How can exercise benefit a person with arthritis ANS Exercise is not only safe for individuals with arthritis but can reduce pain, fatigue, inflammation and diseaseactivity. 227. cerebral palsy (CP): condition of motor dysfunction caused by da cerebrum during development or injury at birth; characterized by partial pand lack of muscle coordination 228. What considerations should you take with someone with Cerebral Palsy?- : Individuals with CP have a lack of motor coordination, so it's important to monitorthem. Medical clearance and functional assessments test should be done. ALwaysCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 40 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 41 / 34 d break easily re, the injury he injury. se immediate and milk assist as best as you can ex: with the use of straps, gloves for support and seated exercises. 229. Fibromyalgia: chronic condition with widespread aching and pain in the mus-cles and fibrous soft tissue 230. multiple sclerosis: A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech 231. Osteoporosis: a condition in which the bones become fragile an 232. What are general guidelines for individuals with Osteoporosis: General guideline is to prescribe moderate intensity weight-bearing exercises that do not exaggerate pain. 233. Parkinson's disease: a progressive disease that destroys brain cells and is identified by muscular tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis 234. spinal cord injury (SCI): Trauma to the vertebral column. If seve can cause paralysis of areas of the body below the vertebral level of t 235. How does the body use carbohydrates? And what are simple and complex carbs ANS The body uses carbs for glucose (fuel).The muscles use glucoCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 41 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 42 / 34 or it gets stored in the liver or muscles to be used when needed. Simple carbs: are sugars naturally found in foods (fruits, vegies, cts) Complex carbs: typically high in B vitamins, and fibre and minerals. 236. How does the body use protein? and what are some examples ANS Proteinaids in the functional and structural building blocks of every cell in the body. They support body growth and maintenance Amino acids in proteins are essential for building new tissues and repairing old ones. Proteins also provide a small source of fuel. some examples are meats, fish, eggs, etc... 237. How does the body use fats ANS Fats provide energy and help the body absorbvitamins A, D, E, and K and supports growth and development. 238. How does the body maintain homeostasis ANS A STIMULUS detected by areceptor sends info to the CONTROL CENTER via AFFERENT PATHWAYS. TheCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 42 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 43 / 34 2.2L) e who require and sedentary control center decides what to do. It sends info to an EFFECTOR via EFFERENT PATHWAYS to evoke a RESPONSE. Which gets the body back to normal by doing the opposite of the stimulus (Negative Feed Back Loop) or increases the response (Positive Feed Back Loop) 239. Which are essential vitamins ANS C, A, K, E 240. what major minerals are important for muscle contraction ANS magnesium,calcium and potassium 241. How much water should a human drink ANS Women: 9 cups (Men: 13 cups (2.3L) 242. PARQ+: a screening tool to identify the small precentage of peopl further screening before they start becoming more physically active. 243. PASB-Q: Provides an approximation of a clients physical activitybehaviour for a week 244. A male of 176.5 cm tall weighting 85.2 kg has a BMI of:: 27.3 which is overweight 245. What is the active recovery procedureCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 43 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 44 / 34 ANS 1. have the client continue to moveat light resistance for 3 min 2. Record the HR each minute after recovery 3. once the client is sitting measure the client's HR and BP 1&3 min. (If at 3min the client's value went back to below the cutoffs, you can move into themusculoskeletal phase). cutoffs >99/>144 246. What is a "Good" rating of V02 max for a 15-19 yr old male ANS 48-52 247. What is a "Good" rating of V02 max for a 20-50 yr old male ANS 47-32 248. What is a "Good" rating of V02 max for a 60+ yr old male ANS 28-32 249. What is a "Good" rating of V02 max for a 15-19 yr old female ANS 39-43 250. What is a "Good" rating of V02 max for a 20-50 yr old female ANS 41-32 251. What is a "Good" rating of V02 max for a 60+ yr old female ANS 28-32 252. What does overload mean? (re. primary prescription principles): The train-ing stimulus must be greater than that to which the body is accustomed.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 44 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 45 / 34 253. What does progression mean? (re. primary prescription principles): The initial workout must progress to improvement 254. Karvonen Formula: Target Heart Rate = ((max HR resting HR) × %Intensity) + resting HR 255. What are the Target Muscles while doing a squat ANS 1. Quads 2. Glute Max 3. Adductors 4. Soleus 5. Hamstrings 256. What are the Target Muscles while doing a bench press ANS 1. pec major 2. anterior deltoid 3. triceps 257. What are the Target Muscles while doing a seated row ANS 1. rhomboids 2. mid traps 3. lats 4. teres major 5. Posterior deltoid 258. What sort of food should be digested during exercise if neededCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 45 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 46 / 34 ANS carbs (not fat and protein as they can delay gastric emptying and are not recommendedfor ingestion 259. How much protein does a 50 kg women need ANS Sedentary adults need 0.8g/kg/day 0.8 x weight kg 0.8 x 50 = 40 (Or rule of thumb 20g/day) 260. Resistance exercise stimulates the synthesis of which proteins ANS myofib-rillar 261. Endurance exercise stimulates the synthesis of which proteins ANS myocon-drial 262. What are the following effects for the following medications re. physiolog- ical changes? 1. Beta Blocker 2. Diuretics 3. Ace Inhibitors 4. Calcium Channel Blockers 5. Anticoagulants 6. StatinsCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 46 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 47 / 34 7. Nitrates (Billy Did Actually Cut Nelly) ANS 1. Beta Blocker: DEC. HR + BP 2. Diuretics: INC. fluid loss 3. Ace Inhibitors: DEC. BP 4. Calcium Channel Blockers: DEC HR 5. Anticoagulants: 0 6. Statins: 0 7. Nitrates: INC HR + DEC BP (More on page 220 CESP-path) 263. At what pre-exercise blood glucose level should a diabetic client take carbs before exercise ANS If pre-exercise blood glucose levels are (below 5.6) <=5.5mmol/L about 30g-45g carbs should be ingested before exercise. 264. What is low blood sugar for a diabetic ANS 4 mmol/L 265. How would a decrease in plasma volume affect the CV system ANS LeftVentricle HypertrophyCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 47 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 48 / 34 266. How will dehydration affect blood volume & stroke volume ANS reduce bloodvolume & stroke volume 267. What is the role of leptin ANS Leptin is a hormone that helps regulate bodyweight by acting on the hypothalamus to reduce appetite. does this by: 1. Centrally: dec. appetite 2. Peripherally: dec. lipid accumulation (Leptin functions properly in lean and normal individuals but in obese individuals,there is an overproduction causing the body to be sensitive to it. 268. Ms. Sheppard reports that she ate a breakfast consisting of 30 g of carbohydrates, 11 g of protein and 4 g of fat. How many calories did Ms. Sheppard consume ANS This is the correct caloric content based on the quantity ofmacronutrients provided: carbohydrate = 4 kcal/g; protein = 4 kcal/g; fat = 9 kcal/g;120 kcal/carbs + 44 kcal/protein + 36 kcal/fat = 200 calories.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 48 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 49 / 34 269. What is the caloric content of carbohydrates ANS 4 kcal/g 270. What is the caloric content of fats ANS 9 kcal/g 271. what is the caloric content of protein ANS 4 kcal/g 272. Ms. Sheher reports that she ate a lunch consisting of 20 g of carbohy- drates, 10 g of protein and 5 g of fat. How many calories did Ms. Sheppard consume ANS (20x4=80) + (10x4=40) + (5x9=45) = 165 calories 273. In a study what is the sample size ANS # of people being studied 274. How do you measure a joint's ROM ANS A joint's range of motion (ROM) is usually measured by the number of degrees from the starting position of a segmentto its position at the end of its full range of the movement.The most common way thisis done is by using a double- armed goniometer. A stationary arm holding a protractoris placed parallel with a stationary body segment and a movable arm moves along amoveable body segment.The pin (axis of goniometer) is placed over the joint. Whenanatomical landmarks are well defined, the accuracy of measurement is greater. 275. The Kinesiologist is starting a training program with low-altitude athletesat a high altitude. What effects does high-altitude exposure have on the heart during exercise of similar intensity as exercise at sea level ANS Increased cardiacoutput, increased myocardial oxygen requirementsCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 49 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 50 / 34 (Lower atmospheric partial pressure of oxygen necessitates increased cardiac output and myocardial oxygen demands). 276. What precautions should be taken when exercising in cold environ- ments ANS Modify activity based on wind chill temperature. (Wind exacerbates heat loss by facilitating convective heat loss and reduces the insulative value of clothing). 277. What does the sensitivity of a cardiac stress test refer to ANS Clients with anabnormality with a positive test. (The sensitivity of a test refers to how often the test uncovers an abnormality ordisease in a population with the abnormality or disease. This is referred to as apositive test). 278. What are the 3 KEY points to monitor for someone with type 2 diabetes?- : 1. Pre-exercise glucose is above 5.5 (if below, give them 15-30g carbs before exercise) 2. Monitor their physical signs and make sure they are well hydrated. 3. Blood glucose should not go below 4mmol (4 IS LOW BLOOD SUGAR, give them a juicebox and granola bar asap.)COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 50 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 51 / 34 angerous 279. What nutritional and dietary advice would you give someone with obe- sity ANS An obese client should follow a proper diet protocol with a limited amount of caloric intake, to establish a negative energy balance (higher expenditure thanintake). Physical activity should also be added (150min/week aerobic & 2-3days resistance) & they should follow the exercise prescription guidelines. 280. What recommendation would you give someone working at an office ANS •Have the monitor screen 15-30degrees from eye level • Viewing range 45 cm to 70 cm (about 18 - 28 in.) from monitor • Avoid staring at small screens and texting causing MSD of the thumbs • By getting an ergonomic mouse you can avoid MSD of the small wrists in the hand,wrist and forearm (Holding your arm unsupported throughout the workday can causesoreness and fatigue by putting an extra load on the muscles in the upper back (Trapezius muscle) and shoulder (Deltoid muscle). • Hands free telephone prevents wrist and neck overuse injuries. • Sit for no more than 20 minutes at a time, and stand in one position for no more than 8 minutes. Take a 2 min stretch break. 281. What is the long QT interval ANS Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorderof the heart's electrical activity. It can cause sudden, uncontrollable, d arrhythmias 282. what is the purpose of the OKA ANS To advocate on behalf of its members andpromote the profession of kinesiologyCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 51 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 52 / 34 283. What is COKO ANS The College of Kinesiologists of Ontario is the body that regulates kinesiologists in Ontario. The College receives its authority from the Kinesiology Act, 2007 and the Regulated Health Professions Act, 1991. It is not aschool, and it exists to protect the public. 284. R. KIN scope of practice: The assessment of human movement and perfor- mance and its rehabilitation and management to maintain, rehabilitate or enhancemovement and performance. 285. What is the purpose of a TENS unit ANS electrical impulses stimulate the production of endorphins in the body. blocks pain messages from reaching the brain(similar to a pain killer). 286. What is the purpose of ultrasound? (Therapeutic Ultrasound Pulsed High Frequency): Ultrasound is a method of stimulating the tissue beneath the skin's surface using very high-frequency sound waves. ultrasound can break up scar tissue, buildup new tissue and accelerate the effect of drugs in a targeted area. 287. Low Intensity Laser Therapy (IFC): red and near infra-red light over injuries or lesions to improve wound and soft tissue healing, reduce inflammation and giverelief for both acute and chronic painCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 52 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 53 / 34 288. When would you use heat therapy and for what ANS Heat is used for: -Chronic conditions -2 weeks after initial injury -chronic pain or osteoarthritis -muscle tension headaches when? -Before deep tissue treatment (Optimal 10min on, 10 off x2) 289. When would you use ice therapy and for what ANS Ice is used for: -local constriction of blood vessels -slows swelling -decreases pain when? Acute injuries, flare-ups and overuse conditions (tendonitis) -after deep tissue treatment 290. How long should a patients financial record will be retained for ANS Adult: atleast 10 years under 18: 10 years after the patients 18th birthday. 291. When has kinesiology become regulatedCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 53 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 54 / 34 ANS Kinesiology became a regulatedhealth profession in Ontario in the spring of 2013 under the Regulated Health Professions Act (1991). 292. Who regulates the profession of Kinesiology ANS The College of Kinesiolo-gists of Ontario (CKO) is the regulatory body for the profession of kinesiology in Ontario. 293. Atropine as a medication: Increases heart rate during asystole or bradycar- dias 294. Epinephrine as a medication: Causes vasoconstriction and beta receptor stimulation; increases blood pressure and heart rate in asystole and bradycardias; also used in V-fib and pulseless V-tach 295. What factors of working with hand tools cause discomfort, fatigue and, eventually, work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) ANS -static load onarms and upper body muscles -awkward working positions and body postures -tissue compression -vibrationCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 54 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 55 / 34 296. How far away should a monitor be from an individual ANS The viewing range45 cm to 70 cm (about 18 - 28 in.) provides visual comfort for majority of computerusers - about arm's length 297. Three main positive factors affect participation in physical activity: health benefit enjoyment or pleasure self-image & body image 298. What document would a kinesiologist complete to capture physical move- ments and environmental conditions associated with the job ANS Physical De- mands Description 299. When comparing two stress tests at the same workout before and after 10 weeks of cardiovascular training, which physiological changes would oc- cur ANS An increase in stroke volume 300. What tool improvements should be provided to a worker who has devel- oped stenosing tenosynovitis (trigger-finger) ANS provide a drill with a two fingerwidth trigger 301. A run of 4 or more consecutive premature ventricular contractions (PVC's) on an electrocardiogram is referred to as:: ventricle tachycardia 302. Main functions of iron: 1) Transporting oxygen in the blood and muscles i.e. hemoglobin and myoglobin 2) Energy metabolism i.e. involved in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain 3) Involved in the immune system 303. What is a DRI valueCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 55 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 56 / 34 ANS Daily Recommended Intake (how much weshould/shouldn't eat) 304. What the AMDR's forCHO PROTEIN FATS: CHO - 46-65% FATS - 20-35% PRO - 10-35% 305. Demi is seeking advice about her diet. she consumes 300g of carbs, 30gof protein and 80g of fat. 1. What is the energy % fro each macronutrient? 2. What interpretations and AMDR recommendations can you give ANS Step 1300g x 4 = 1200kcal 30g x4 = 120kcal 80g x 9= 720kcalCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 56 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 57 / 34 Step 2 1200+120+720=2040kcal Step 3 Carbs: 1200/2040= 0.58 (58%) Protein: 120/2040=0.058 (5.8%) Fats: 720/2040=0.352 (35.2%) Step 4 CARBS her value:58% recommended 45-65% =good! PROTEIN her value: 5.8% recommended 10-35% =low FATS her value: 35.2% recommended 20-35% =good but on cutoffCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 57 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 58 / 34 ... inc. protein, dec. fats a bit 306. What are the most common 3 types of lipids ANS -Triglycerides -Phospholipids -Sterols 307. What are the benefits of Alpha Linoleic Acid, in the form of DHA, and EPA ANS They both reduce inflammation, blood clotting and plasma triglycerides. 308. Whats is LDL and what is the cutoff recommendation ANS <3.5 mol LDL's are found in foods with high saturated fats.This inhibits receptors and choles-terol is left circulating the blood and clogging up areas via a build up of plaque. (Eating foods that are high in soluble fibre will prevent this as fibre binds to fats andexists the body). 309. Of the 13 essential vitamins which are the ones that the body can synthe- size ANS vit D and KCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 58 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 59 / 34 310. What are the major minerals ANS sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phos-phorus, magnesium, sulfur are those that require atlas 100mg/day and are found in the body in amounts of 5gor higher. 311. What are the trace minerals ANS Minerals that are found in small quantities in feed and are required in small quantities by the body (less than 5g) less than100mg/day iron, zinc, iodine, selenium, copper, magnesium. 312. What are phytochemicals ANS plant compounds that many are thought to causea health benefit. (ex: reduce the risk of chronic disease independent of their antiox-idant function. 313. Which dietary deficiencies could reduce an individuals ability to exer- cise ANS Deficiency of glycogen phosphorylase in the muscles. 314. glucose oxidation: occurs within cells and is a step-by-step enzymatic break- down of glucose with the accompanying release of energy to synthesize ATP 315. Glucolysis: substrate-glucose, product-pyruvate 316. Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle): - 2 Pyruvates enter the mitochondrion - releases 2 ATP, 6NADH, and 2 FADH2 for each glucose 317. Electron Transport Chain (ETC): series of electron carrier proteins that shut- tle high-energy electrons during ATP-generating reactions 318. In the ETC, which molecule has the lowest redox potentialCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 59 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 60 / 34 ANS NADH+ H+ 319. Gluconeogenesis: The formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources, such as amino acids. Occurs in the liver 320. Should youth engage in resistance training ANS Resistance Training in youth will safely improve muscular strength & endurance if performed correctly under thesupervision of a quali ed instructor. 321. What is the female athlete triad ANS three associated medical problems: disor- dered eating, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis 322. chronic hypertension: A blood pressure that is equal to or greater than 140/90 mm Hg 323. aortic stenosis: narrowing of the aorta 324. cardiomyopathy: disease of the heart muscle, the myocardium 325. With a heart transplant what are the acute responses to exercise ANS INC.resting HR Blunted HR response DEC. max HR DEC. HR reserveCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 60 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 61 / 34 326. forced vital capacity: the maximum amount of air that can be removed from the lungs during forced expiration 327. pulmonary edema: fluid in the air sacs and bronchioles 328. Emphysema: A serious disease that destroys lung tissue and causes breath- ing difficulties. 329. chronic bronchitis: inflammation of bronchi persisting over a long time; type of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 330. Increases in blood glucose levels activates and releases : Increases in blood glucose levels activate BETA CELLS and releases INSULIN 331. Decreases in blood glucose levels activate to release more : Decreases in blood glucose levels activate ALPHA CELLS and releases GLUCAGON 332. Frank-Starling Law: Increased EDV results in increased contractility and thus increased stroke volume. It will show optimal EDV for contractile strength where thecross bridges are the strongest. 333. What are the 3 types of angina ANS 1. Chronic Stable -- during exercise 2. Unstable -- unpredictable 3. Variant (Prinzmetal) -- vasospasm at rest. 334. Why does ESV decrease during/after exercise ANS The heart muscle becomes stronger and is able to contract, and eject more blood & the resistance moving outof the ventricle is lower.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 61 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 62 / 34 nsistently. ause the heart 335. What is the difference between systolic HR and diastolic HF ANS Systolic HF:The heart is not pumping enough blood. The left ventricle becomes larger and too thin so it doesn't have enough force to eject blood out of the heart co (eccentric hypertrophy). Diastolic HF:The ventricles aren't able to fill up with enough blood bec muscle got larger inwardly. (More space is being taken up so not enough for theblood). (concentric hypertrophy). 336. What are 4 causes of systolic HF ANS 1. Heart muscle diseases (cardiomyopa-thy). 2. Reduced blood supply to the heart (CAD). 3. Stenosis 4. Arrhythmias 337. What are 4 causes of diastolic HF ANS 1. Chronic hypertension (larger after-load) 2. Aortic stenosisCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 62 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 63 / 34 3. Cardiomyopathies 4. Old age, CAD, etc... 338. WHAT ARE THE RISK FACTORS & CUTOFFS FOR CVD ANS 1. INC in waistcircumference (>102 in men, >88 in women) 2. INC in triglycerides (>1.7) 3. DEC. in HDL-Cholesterol (<1.3) 4. INC. in LDL-Cholesterol (>3.5) 4. INC. blood pressure (>130/85) 5. INC. in glucose (>5.6mmol/L) 339. What are the 7 functional movement screens ANS 1. Deep Squat 2. Hurdle Step 3. Inline Lunge 4. Shoulder Mobility 5. Active Straight Leg Raise 6. Trunk Stability Pushup 7. Rotator Stability 340. What are some possible compensations to look out for during a gaitanalysis ANS 1. flat feet 2. low back arches 3. shoulders rounded 4. head forward 5. feet turning out/inCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 63 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 64 / 34 6. excessive pelvic rotation 7. hip hike 341. What nutritional recommendations would you give a pregnant woman?- : To consume extra amounts of healthy food. Key micronutrients are: *Folate Vitamin B12, C, D Zinc Calciu mIron 342. Which exercise will most likely cause DOMs ANS Eccentric Contraction 343. When should you increase sets and when should you increase reps ANS INCsets for volume INC reps for specificity 344. What is concurrent training ANS training multiple qualities at once 345. What action does the serratus anterior have ANS Answer: Protracts and holdsthe scapula against the thoracic wall.COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 64 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 65 / 34 346. nominal measurement: a measure for which different scores represent differ- ent, but not ordered, categories 347. ordinal scale of measurement: a scale of measurement in which the mea- surement categories form a rank order along a continuum 348. interval scale of measurement: Highest form of measurement and meets all of the rules of other forms of measurement: mutually exclusive categories, ordered ranks, equally spaced intervals, and a continuum of values. 349. ratio scale of measurement: All of the same in interval, except there is the addition of a true-zero point. Ex. height, weight, time on task, income, age 350. What is an example of a nominal level of measurement ANS Eye colours ofcontestants in a contest (one person can only have 1 measurement). 351. Which energy system is primarily responsible for energy production if an individual ran a 500m race ANS Non-Oxidative 352. What energy system would be used when having to complete a long jump ANS Answer: ATP-PC (The ATP-CP system supplies the most energy for activ- ities that last less than 5 seconds; for exercise lasting less than 30 seconds, there would be a shift to more rapid glycolysis). 353. Which best describes a second-class lever ANS Answer: Applied force and the resistance force are on the same side of the fulcrum with the resistance force beingcloser to the fulcrum. 354. What is the plasma membrane of a cell made up ofCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 65 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 66 / 34 ANS Answer: Lipid bilayer of phospholipids (Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. 355. What are the 3 major functions of the nervous system ANS Answer: Sensoryinput, Motor Output, and Integration. 356. What value represents resting membrane potential (RMP) ANS Answer: -70mv 357. When an action potential is being generated at which stage does the threshold reach -55mv that causes voltage gated Na+ channels to open ANS An-swer: Depolarization 358. What are the characteristics of muscle tissue ANS Excitability, Extensibility,Elasticity and Contractibility 359. Which division of the nervous system is responsible for voluntary con- trol ANS Somatic Nervous System 360. What does the autonomic nervous system control ANS Involuntary controlsuch as the stomach, muscle, glands, etc... 361. What molecules make up thin filament in a skeletal muscle ANS Answer:Troponin, Tropomyosin & Actin).COKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 66 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 67 / 34 362. Define a motor unit ANS Answer: A motor unit is a single motor neuron and all themuscle fibers that it innervates. 363. What is the mechanism of ACL sprain ANS Answer: knee hyperextension withrotation and moving the knee into valgus position with lateral rotation 364. A volleyball player landed from a block on an opponent's foot it went into inversion while plantar flexed. Which ligament is most likely injured ANS Answer:Anterior Talofibular 365. Mr. Lehkyi comes into your clinic and complains of headaches and painin the cervical thoracic. After assessing his posture you notice his head is forwards, his cervical spine is hyperextended, he has increased flexion in his thoracic vertebrae, and lordosis in his lumbar vertebrae. What sort of posture does he have ANS Answer: Kyphotic- Lordotic Posture 366. What is scoliosis ANS lateral curvature of the spine > 10 degrees. 367. What test can you preform to see if an individual has scoliosis ANS ForwardBending Test. This test can determine if the curve is structural or functional. 368. The shoulder is comprised of which 3 distinct joints ANS Answer: Gleno-humeral joint, Acromioclavicular joint, and scapulothoracic joint 369. What passive and active therapy is used for the treatment of rotator cuffCOKO E file:///C:/Users/Admin/Desktop/New/COKO%20E 67 of 71 7/29/2024, 2:56 AM 68 / 34 tear ANS Answer: Passive therapy consists of ice and anti-inflammatories to reduce swelling. Once pain and stiffness disappear an active progressive strengthening program can begin. 370. Loss of strength while abducting an injured arm is a clinical sign of which muscle tear ANS Answer: Rotator Cuff Tear 371. Which condition elicits tightening of the shoulder capsule, leading to a progressive loss of movement and pain ANS Answer: Frozen Shoulder 372. Which syndrome occurs when the median nerve, which runs from the forearm into the hand, becomes pressed or squeezed within the carpal tunnelof the wri