Emancipation Proclamation - Issued by President Lincoln, this decree stated that all slaves in rebel states
would be free effective January 1, 1863
Lincoln's 10% Plan - First proposed in 1862 while the Civil War was still ongoing, this was Lincoln's
proposal for how to deal first with territory captured by Union armies, then later with states that would
like to rejoin the Union.
Wade-Davis Bill - In response to Lincoln's 10% Plan, Congress passed this bill which would have required
that a majority voters swear and oath of loyalty and that no one would had fought in the Confederate
army could participate in the new state governments.
Thirteenth Amendment - This amendment to the constitution made slavery illegal in the United States.
Andrew Johnson - As President of the United States, this Tennessee born and bred, pro-union, anti-
aristocratic leader battled the Radical Republicans in Congress for control over Reconstruction.
Black Codes - Designed to restrict the civil rights of newly freed slaves in Southern states, these laws
required arrest for vagrancy, restricted the types of labor blacks were permitted to do, limited the
personal movements of blacks, and often included fines and forced labor as punishment.
Freedmen's Bureau - This federal agency was established in March of 1865 to aid freedmen and other
refugees dislocated by the Civil War. In pursuit of this mission they provided food, clothing, education,
and legal advice.
Fourteenth Amendment - This amendment to the Constitution granted citizenship to blacks, prohibited
states from denying them their life, liberty, or property "without due process of law," and prohibited
states from denying them "equal protection of the law."
Reconstruction Acts of 1867 - After resounding victories in the midterm elections of 1866, Republicans
in Congress passed these laws which provided for the readmission of former Confederate states under
strict guidelines that protected the civil rights of blacks.
,Edwin Stanton - Andrew Johnson's Secretary of War fired because of his support for Congressional
Reconstruction and because Johnson wanted to test the constitutionality of the Tenure of Office Act.
Tenure of Office Act - Passed by Congress in 1867, this law empowered the Senate accept or reject
changes to the president's cabinet.
Fifteenth Amendment - This amendment to the Constitution explicitly granted suffrage to black males.
Plessy v. Ferguson - In this landmark Supreme Court case, the majority decision established "separate
but equal" as a valid legal principle thereby sanctioning Jim Crow laws until 1950s.
Col. George Custer - This United States Cavalry officer led the attack at Washita River and was later
defeated and killed by a Sioux force at Little Big Horn River in 1876.
Comstock Lode - This silver and gold strike worth around $340 million explains how Nevada became a
state at a relatively early date and exemplifies the boom-bust pattern of settlement that mining caused.
Dawes Severalty Act - Federal law to force reservation Indians to assimilate to white American culture by
dissolving tribal ownership of land, granting individual families 160 acres, and sending Indian children to
boarding schools.
Wounded Knee Massacre - The symbolic end of the Indian Wars, this incident in 1890 saw the massacre
of around 300 Sioux on the Pine Ridge reservation in South Dakota.
vaqueros - Spanish cowboys who had run herd of longhorn cattle in TX ever since Spanish settlement,
but cattle were raised only for local consumption. They taught their skills to anglo settlers in Texas,
California.
boomers - When the federal government opened the Indian Territory to settlement, 50,000 of these
people waited on state line on April 22, 1889 to take advantage of the opportunity.
, sooners - When the federal government opened the Indian Territory to settlement, these people
illegally entered territory early to get the best land.
imperialism - the drive to rule over other nations or peoples by military or economic force.
Queen Liliuokalani - This Hawaiian leader opposed annexation. In 1893, a group of businessmen
overthrew her and ruled the islands. They again sought annexation, insisting that was the will of the
Hawaiian people.
Valeriano Weyler - To separate the insurgents from their supporters among the Cuban people, the
Spanish brought in this general who brutally instituted a policy of "reconcentration." His actions caused
more Americans to support the Cuban nationalists.
USS Maine - On February 15, 1898 and explosion ripped through this American naval vessel. Vengeful
Americans blamed Spain and war soon erupted.
Teller Amendment - Attached to the US declaration of war against the Spanish in Cuba, this amendment
promised that the Americans had no intention to annex or control the island except to ensure its
"pacification."
Platt Amendment - Added to Cuba's constitution in 1901 at the Americans insistence, this amendment
undermined the Teller Amendment by making Cuba a protectorate of the US—seemingly independent,
but actually a puppet of the US.
Comm. George Dewey - In a distant theater of the Spanish-American War, on May 1, 1898 this American
led a squadron into Manila Bay and wrecked the outgunned Spanish fleet.
Little Big Horn - In this battle, the Sioux, led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse defeated the US Cavalry led
by Custer to achieve a rare victory over the Americans.
protectorate - term for a weak country's relationship to a more powerful country when the weak
country is protected and dominated by the powerful country without being directly ruled by that
country—a form of indirect imperialism.
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