Pathophysiology Exam #1 – Porth
Review Questions with Correct Answers
Purpose and function of the mitochondria - Answer-Machine for cellular energy.
Transform food energy into ATP
Major components of the cell (3 components) - Answer-Plasma/Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma/Cell Membrane - Answer-The cell membrane encloses the cell and provides for
intracellular and intercellular communication, transport of materials into and out of the
cell, and maintenance of the electrical activities that power cell function.
Nucleus - Answer-The nucleus is the control center for the cell. It also contains most of
the hereditary material.
Cytoplasm - Answer-Contain organelles. They include the mitochondria, which supply
the energy needs of the cell; the ribosomes, which synthesize proteins and other
materials needed for cell function; and the lysosomes and proteosomes, which function
as the cell's digestive system.
4 Tissue Types - Answer-- Epithelial - 3 distinct surfaces, closely joined by cell adhesion
molecules, and are attached firmly to a basement membrane.
- Connective - most abundant tissue in the body, holds tissues together.
- Muscle - responsible for movement and changes in size and shape of internal organs
- Nervous - integrated communication system
Active transport - Answer-Any type of transport across the cell membrane that
REQUIRES energy as it moves material against the concentration gradient.
Passive transport - Answer-Any type of transport across the cell membrane that does
NOT require energy.
Facilitated diffusion - Answer-Type of Passive Transport in which Molecules hitch a ride
on transport proteins
Hypercalcemia - Answer-Occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum
calcium levels
6 Major causes of Hypercalcemia - Answer-- Hyperparathyroidism
- Phosphate retention in renal failure
- Increase release of calcium from bone as in immobilization
- Paget's disease - disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth
, - Cancer with metastatic bone lesions
- Vitamin D intoxication
Hypercalcemia causes and its relationship to metastatic calcifications - Answer-Almost
any condition that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in
inappropriate sites such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels.
Compensatory Mechanisms of Tissues - Answer--Cells may adapt by undergoing
changes in: Size, Number, Type
-Cellular stresses also include intracellular accumulations and storage of products in
abnormal amounts
Atrophy - Answer--Change in size (decrease)
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival
Hypertrophy - Answer--Change in size (increase)
Increase in amount of functioning components in the tissue mass
-Can be result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions
Hyperplasia - Answer--Change in number of cells (increase)
-Stimuli to increase number may be physiologic (compensatory) or nonphysiologic
(excessive hormone)
-Physiologic- breast & uterine enlargement with pregnancy
-Hormonal- BPH (androgen); endometrial (estrogen)
-Different process than hypertrophy - but often occur together
Metaplasia - Answer--Represents reversible change - one adult cell type is replaced by
another cell type
-In response to chronic irritation and inflammation
-Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive
Conditions in which metaplasia can take place - Answer--Excessive drinking of alcohol
-Smoking
Dysplasia - Answer--Deranged cell growth of specific tissue
-Results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
-Minor degrees associated with irritation or inflammation
-Adaptive and potentially reversible if cause eliminated
-Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
Intracellular Accumulations - Answer--Represent the build-up of substances that cells
cannot immediately use or eliminate
-Grouped into 3 categories
1) Normal body substances (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin and bilirubin)- fatty
liver
Review Questions with Correct Answers
Purpose and function of the mitochondria - Answer-Machine for cellular energy.
Transform food energy into ATP
Major components of the cell (3 components) - Answer-Plasma/Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Plasma/Cell Membrane - Answer-The cell membrane encloses the cell and provides for
intracellular and intercellular communication, transport of materials into and out of the
cell, and maintenance of the electrical activities that power cell function.
Nucleus - Answer-The nucleus is the control center for the cell. It also contains most of
the hereditary material.
Cytoplasm - Answer-Contain organelles. They include the mitochondria, which supply
the energy needs of the cell; the ribosomes, which synthesize proteins and other
materials needed for cell function; and the lysosomes and proteosomes, which function
as the cell's digestive system.
4 Tissue Types - Answer-- Epithelial - 3 distinct surfaces, closely joined by cell adhesion
molecules, and are attached firmly to a basement membrane.
- Connective - most abundant tissue in the body, holds tissues together.
- Muscle - responsible for movement and changes in size and shape of internal organs
- Nervous - integrated communication system
Active transport - Answer-Any type of transport across the cell membrane that
REQUIRES energy as it moves material against the concentration gradient.
Passive transport - Answer-Any type of transport across the cell membrane that does
NOT require energy.
Facilitated diffusion - Answer-Type of Passive Transport in which Molecules hitch a ride
on transport proteins
Hypercalcemia - Answer-Occurs in normal tissues as the result of increased serum
calcium levels
6 Major causes of Hypercalcemia - Answer-- Hyperparathyroidism
- Phosphate retention in renal failure
- Increase release of calcium from bone as in immobilization
- Paget's disease - disorder that involves abnormal bone destruction and regrowth
, - Cancer with metastatic bone lesions
- Vitamin D intoxication
Hypercalcemia causes and its relationship to metastatic calcifications - Answer-Almost
any condition that increases the serum calcium level can lead to calcification in
inappropriate sites such as the lung, renal tubules, and blood vessels.
Compensatory Mechanisms of Tissues - Answer--Cells may adapt by undergoing
changes in: Size, Number, Type
-Cellular stresses also include intracellular accumulations and storage of products in
abnormal amounts
Atrophy - Answer--Change in size (decrease)
-Decreased work demands or adverse environmental conditions
-Lower more efficient level of functioning compatible with survival
Hypertrophy - Answer--Change in size (increase)
Increase in amount of functioning components in the tissue mass
-Can be result of normal physiologic or abnormal pathologic conditions
Hyperplasia - Answer--Change in number of cells (increase)
-Stimuli to increase number may be physiologic (compensatory) or nonphysiologic
(excessive hormone)
-Physiologic- breast & uterine enlargement with pregnancy
-Hormonal- BPH (androgen); endometrial (estrogen)
-Different process than hypertrophy - but often occur together
Metaplasia - Answer--Represents reversible change - one adult cell type is replaced by
another cell type
-In response to chronic irritation and inflammation
-Allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive
Conditions in which metaplasia can take place - Answer--Excessive drinking of alcohol
-Smoking
Dysplasia - Answer--Deranged cell growth of specific tissue
-Results in cells that vary in size, shape and organization
-Minor degrees associated with irritation or inflammation
-Adaptive and potentially reversible if cause eliminated
-Strongly implicated as a precursor of cancer
Intracellular Accumulations - Answer--Represent the build-up of substances that cells
cannot immediately use or eliminate
-Grouped into 3 categories
1) Normal body substances (lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, melanin and bilirubin)- fatty
liver
