Bio 446 Exam 1- Courtship Mating and Reproduction, Torpor and Hibernation, Adaptation Test Questions and Correct Answers
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What are the positives to sexual reproduction? 1. increased heterozygosity 2. purging of deliterious mutations 3. recombination and cross over 4. behavior
What is asexual reproduction? offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent obly; it does not involve the fusion...
Bio 446 Exam 1- Courtship Mating and
Reproduction, Torpor and Hibernation,
Adaptation Test Questions and Correct
Answers
What are the positives to sexual reproduction? ✅1. increased heterozygosity
2. purging of deliterious mutations
3. recombination and cross over
4. behavior
What is asexual reproduction? ✅offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the
genes of that parent obly; it does not involve the fusion of gametes and almost never
changes the number of chromosomes
- typically single cell organism
- horizontal gene crossover
What is sexual reproduction? ✅the production of offspring by combining genetic
information from two individuals of different types (sexes). In most organism with sexual
reproduction, on sex (male) produces a small motile gamete that travels to fuse with a
larger stationaty gamete produced by the other (female)
What is the life history cycle for the Green Peach Aphid (Myzus Persicae) ✅Spring:
Stem Mother hatches -> progany asexual --> winged insect migrates in the spring
Summer: winged insects gives birth to wingless adult
Fall: Winged migrant -- migrates --> sexual reproduces
Winter: Lays eggs on stick
(Spring Summer: there are many parthenogenic generations, all are female, no males
are produced
Fall: male are produces, mating occurs, sexual eggs are produced prior to winter, eggs
overwinter in diapause and hatch as ansecual adults in spring)
What is the benifit of aphids having an asexual and sexual phase? ✅species capable
of both asexual and sexual reproduction, when their sexual reproduction with peridos of
environmental uncertainty (allows for genetic variance hoping for increase survival), and
reproduction asexually when environmental conditions are more favorable (increase
population quickly)
Why or aphids go through sexual reproduction during periods of environmental
uncertainty and asexual in certainty? ✅Allows them to create offspring with genetic
,variability increasing the probability that at least one variant can survive the particular
conditions.
Asexual reproduction occurs when the environment is favorable allows them to rapidly
and efficiently exploit that environment
What is parthenogenesis? ✅reproduction from an ovum without fertilization, especially
as a normal process in some invertebrates and lower plants.
how do Whiptail Lizards in Genus Cnemidophorus reproduce? ✅parthenogenesis: no
males in population only genetically identical females: female lays unfertilized egg,
created population of clones, egg undergos chromosome doubling after meiodid and
develope into lizards. However, females need to be courted by other females to be able
to lay egg.
Why us courtship important for parthenogenic wiptail lizards? ✅- the ritual functions to
stimulate the hormonal changes necessary for ovulation and egg-laying (oviposition)
just like that would occur in sexual species of whiptails. Other female will mount female
and bit her inorder to stimulate egg production
Females play the role of males after she lays her own batch of eggs
what did research find to control the bisexual display of secual behaviors in Whiptail
lizards? ✅indicates that proper gates (release at specific times annual reproduction) by
hormones (androgens) and neurotransmitters (serotonin) -- this hormone regulation
allows dimorphic male and female behavior displays to be mutually exclusive even
when it occus in the same sex
What are the advantages of asexual reproduction? ✅1. genetically identical
2. no energy wasted for finding partner
3. offspring well adapted to environment
4. high number of offspring in little time
5. mulitcelluar and more viable
greater penetration of miceosits than would be possible for asexual reproduced clones,
therefy reducing competition among siblings.
What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction? ✅1. no genetic variability
2. one parent to take care of offspring
3. does not adapted or will take a long time to adapt
4. runs the risk of extinctions due to catastrope affects all organisms due to genetic
indentical
5. the parent sometimes disappears becuas its body no longer exists due to fisson
What is a metazoan organism? ✅multicellular, eukaryotes, is the sub kingdom of the
animal that is a person
,What is irreducible complexity? ✅an argument that certain biological systems cannot
evolve by successive small modifications to pre-existing functional systems through
natural selection, as no less complex system would function - shows how it most likely
evolved and the proccess
- statement about eh current systems state not the past history
What was the premise of the video on the evolution of human sexual reproduction that
disputes the idea of its irreducible complexity? ✅the video deconstructs human
sexxual reproduction to show how it mosly likely evolved.
sex does not need to be perfect to work.
The core of sexual reproduction is the start with two haploid cells that then merge to
form a diploid cell (2 copies of each chromosome which undergoes meiosis to produce
4 haploid cells and then they divide. Everything else is fluff evolved to improve the rate
and specificity of sexual reproduction as organisms evolved more complext multi-
cellular forms
What are the 10 steps to sexual reproduction based on the video the evolution of sex?
✅1. Start with single-celled single-sex (F) organisms capable of cell fusion and meiosis
2. A Seconds sex (m) evolves
3.Simple multi-cellular organisms evolve (colony of 1 cell type), where each cell is
capable of sexual reproduction
4. multi-cellular organisms evolve specialized cells for sexual reproduction (gametes)
5. Sper use flagella to increase motility and their chance of finding an egg
6. Further specialization produces simple gonads designed to produce large quantities
of gametes
7. Coordinated mating behavior (simultaneous release of sperm and egg) ensures
maximum reproductive success
8. After moving exclusively onto land internal fertilization become much mroe
advantageous
9. Further specialization leads to matched genitals. Male penetrates female to further
facilitate internal fertilization
10. To better protect the developing embryos a uterus evolves for internal gestation
sex does not dispute exolution
Why is sex primarily selected? ✅becuase of its benefits of genetic exchange between
individuals
What are the 4 hypotheses for the prevalence of sexual reproduction? ✅1. Anti-Mullers
ratchet
2 Tangled Bank
3. Red Queen
4. Genetic recombination
, What is Anti-Mullers Ratchet? ✅occurence of recombination and independent
assortment during sexual production which results in purging deleterious mutations that
would accumulate in an asexual line. A caveat to being able to select against bad genes
you could also select against good genes
What is the tangled bank hypothesis? ✅evolved to create variety in your offspring, as
in any environment where these exists intense competition for space, food, and
resources, a premium is place on diversity (heterozygosity) This emphasizes the
importance of the spatial heterogeneity found in a complex environment in the
maintenance of sexual reproduction. Sex evolved in order to prepare offspring for the
world.
What is the Red Queen Hypothesis? ✅- proposes that an organism must increase the
rate of adaptation to survive an ever changing environment ( to keep ahead of
pathogens)
- developed new defences
- Genetic diversity provides an advantage in escaping biological enemies.
What is Genetic Recombination? ✅- is the exchange of genetic material between
different individuals organisms resulting in the production o offspring with combinations
of traits that differ from those found in either parents.
- allows for allels to mix with other allels creating epistatic effects
- genome of the progeny to be different then the genome of the parents.
- occurs "nonrandomly" in nature as a normal event of meiosis in eucaryotes
-the production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in
either parent
- Enables the regrouping of alleles with other alleles
What is Mullers Ratchet ✅is a process by which the genomes of an asexual population
accumulate deleterious mutations in an irreversible manner - the mutations do not die
because they are always inheritate and could result in a accumulation of mutations
(genetic loading) due to genetic drift, which come become so great that the populations
go extinct due to genetic drift
What is heterozygosity? ✅when a INDIVIDUAL organism carries two different forms of
gene. means a lot of genetic variability
What is polymorphism? ✅when a POPULATION contains multiple forms
What does the red queen hypothesis refer to? (originate from? ✅Lewis Carrolls
through the looking glass which the red queen tells alice "it takes all the running you can
do to keep in the same place" thus then never ending evolutionary cycles between
interacting functions and the constant evolutionaty struggle for a survival advantage
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