Campbell Biology: Vocabulary terms from Campbell Bio Notes. | Questions And Answers
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Emergent Properties - New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing
to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
Gene expression - The process by which information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular
product.
Genome - "library" of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
Producers - Organisms that produce their own food
Consumers - An organism that obtains energy and nutrients by feeding on other organisms or their
remains.
Feedback Regulation - the output or product of a process regulates that very process
Hydrogen bond - a weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction
between a proton in one molecule and an electronegative atom in the other
polar molecule - molecule with an unequal distribution of charge, resulting in the molecule having a
positive end and a negative end
cohesion - Attraction between molecules of the same substance
adhesion - attraction between molecules of different substances
surface tension - A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
thermal energy - the energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules
,temperature - the average kinetic energy of particles in a substance
calorie - Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C
joule - SI unit of energy
Specific heat - the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its
temperature by 1 C
heat of vaporization - the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the
liquid to the gaseous state
hydration shell - the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion in an aqueous solution
hydrophilic - Having an affinity for water.
hydrophobic - Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water.
molarity - the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Miller-Urey Experiment - 1953 experiment in which it was attempted to reproduce the condition of the
(assumed) earth's primitive ocean's under a reducing atmosphere. Some of the key molecules to life
(amino acids and nucleotides) were produced.
isomers - compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different
structures and properties
Enantiomers - isomers that are mirror images of each other
, polymer - Long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds
dehydration reaction - A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
Hydrolysis - Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
Monosaccharide - A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.
Disaccharide - A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis and a
glycosidic linkage.
glycosidic linkage - a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group,
which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
triacylglycerol - A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat
saturated fatty acid - A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single
bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that can attach to the carbon skeleton.
unsaturated fatty acid - A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between the carbons in the
hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.
Hydrogenation - The process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen
Phospholipids - A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a
polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
steroid - lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
peptide bond - Bonds that connect amino acids.
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