NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Blueprint
Questions With Complete Solutions
\What are the 2 types of bowel obstructions? Correct Answers
Mechanical is something that physically blocks the intestine like
scar tissue from surgery, tumors, hernia, foreign body, migrated
gallstone, fecal impaction.
Nonmechanical: intestinal conditions like dysmotility and
paralysis of bowel wall
An individual's adaptive abilities to stress are influenced by
what factors? Correct Answers Genetic make-up
Cognitive ability
Developmental level
Socioeconomic status
Lifestyle choices
Diet
Exercise
Pre-existing conditions
Past life experiences
Support of others
Define acute pain.
How long does it last?
When does it resolve? Correct Answers New sudden onset of
tissue injury or inflammation
,Lasts hours to days
Resolves when disorder heals
Explain how a hemorrhagic stroke occurs Correct Answers A
cerebral artery rupture where it no longer is bringing blood to
that area of the brain
Explain how an ischemic stroke occurs Correct Answers When
a thrombus or embolism lodges itself into the cerebral artery,
causes an obstruction, and blocks blood flow to the brain
resulting in ischemic conditions.
Explain the "alarm" phase of the Stress Response Theory.
What hormones are involved? What do they cause? Correct
Answers SNS releases catecholamine norepinephrine, increases
alertness, stimulates cardiorespiratory & vascular responses.
Norepinephrine increases respiration rate, decreases peripheral
circulation, creating a cold, clammy effect to the lower
extremities. Sweat gland activity increases to disperse excess
heat, creating an energy surge. Pupils dilate causing an increase
in visual acuity. Bronchioles dilate to enhance respiratory
capacity. Blood flow to the GI and genitourinary systems
diminishes slowing activity in those areas. SNS discharge
provides a temporary stressor. This discharge happens in a
Fight-or-Flight reaction, a basic response in an acute or severe
stressor situation inciting an involuntary neuroendocrine
physiological change.
,The Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor,
stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to secrete (ACTH).
ACTH secretes glucocorticoid cortisol, raising glucose levels,
enhancing muscle strength, and potentiates sympathetic activity.
Cortisol enhances ability to resist stress, by mobilizing glucose,
amino acids, and storing fat for cellular energy production.
Cortisol causes an increase in WBC response and counteracts
inflammation. If stress is prolonged, cortisol will cause
immunosuppression. The adrenal medulla is also stimulated to
secrete the catecholamine epinephrine. Epinephrine potentiates
the sympathetic reaction, and aldosterone acts at the kidney's
nephrons to increase sodium and water reabsorption into the
bloodstream. The posterior pituitary gland secretes (ADH),
causing an increased blood pressure.
Explain the "resistance" phase of the Stress Response Theory
Correct Answers Repairing stage, CNS, SNS, & adrenal gland
relax, lowering amounts of Cortisol released.
Heart rate and Blood pressure normalizes.
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic
hypercapnia.
In what disease is hypercapnia seen?
What is the breathing stimulus normally based on? What does it
change to with hypercapnia? Correct Answers
Pathophysiology: Not exhaling fulling, leading to a buildup of
CO2 in the bloodstream. This is seen in patients with COPD.
, Consequences: The respiratory center becomes insensitive to the
CO2 levels and stops relying on it to stimulate breathing.
The breathing stimulus changes to hypoxia (low oxygen levels).
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic
hypoxia Correct Answers Pathophysiology: Hypoxia stimulates
pulmonary artery vasoconstriction which can develop into
pulmonary hypertension
Consequences: Pulmonary HTN
Explain the pathophysiology of active TB Correct Answers
The tubercle takes up space and stimulates immune response
due to the surround lymph nodes → the bacteria is still
multiplying → macrophages and T cells degrade the bacteria →
releases enzymes to kill it → enzymes damage lung tissue →
necrosis → release of bacteria from tubercle
Explain the pathophysiology of latent TB
Physiologically, what does it cause? Correct Answers Tissue
inflammation occurs from pathogen invasion → stimulates
immune response → bacteria multiplies → pulmonary
macrophages and WBC try to kill bacteria → unable to → cell
mediated response walls off the infection → WBC
accumulation, bacteria, fibrotic tissue is layed down → tubercle
formed → scar tissue eventually forms → gets bigger (called
ghon focus) → calcification can occur called Ranke
Questions With Complete Solutions
\What are the 2 types of bowel obstructions? Correct Answers
Mechanical is something that physically blocks the intestine like
scar tissue from surgery, tumors, hernia, foreign body, migrated
gallstone, fecal impaction.
Nonmechanical: intestinal conditions like dysmotility and
paralysis of bowel wall
An individual's adaptive abilities to stress are influenced by
what factors? Correct Answers Genetic make-up
Cognitive ability
Developmental level
Socioeconomic status
Lifestyle choices
Diet
Exercise
Pre-existing conditions
Past life experiences
Support of others
Define acute pain.
How long does it last?
When does it resolve? Correct Answers New sudden onset of
tissue injury or inflammation
,Lasts hours to days
Resolves when disorder heals
Explain how a hemorrhagic stroke occurs Correct Answers A
cerebral artery rupture where it no longer is bringing blood to
that area of the brain
Explain how an ischemic stroke occurs Correct Answers When
a thrombus or embolism lodges itself into the cerebral artery,
causes an obstruction, and blocks blood flow to the brain
resulting in ischemic conditions.
Explain the "alarm" phase of the Stress Response Theory.
What hormones are involved? What do they cause? Correct
Answers SNS releases catecholamine norepinephrine, increases
alertness, stimulates cardiorespiratory & vascular responses.
Norepinephrine increases respiration rate, decreases peripheral
circulation, creating a cold, clammy effect to the lower
extremities. Sweat gland activity increases to disperse excess
heat, creating an energy surge. Pupils dilate causing an increase
in visual acuity. Bronchioles dilate to enhance respiratory
capacity. Blood flow to the GI and genitourinary systems
diminishes slowing activity in those areas. SNS discharge
provides a temporary stressor. This discharge happens in a
Fight-or-Flight reaction, a basic response in an acute or severe
stressor situation inciting an involuntary neuroendocrine
physiological change.
,The Hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing factor,
stimulating the anterior pituitary gland to secrete (ACTH).
ACTH secretes glucocorticoid cortisol, raising glucose levels,
enhancing muscle strength, and potentiates sympathetic activity.
Cortisol enhances ability to resist stress, by mobilizing glucose,
amino acids, and storing fat for cellular energy production.
Cortisol causes an increase in WBC response and counteracts
inflammation. If stress is prolonged, cortisol will cause
immunosuppression. The adrenal medulla is also stimulated to
secrete the catecholamine epinephrine. Epinephrine potentiates
the sympathetic reaction, and aldosterone acts at the kidney's
nephrons to increase sodium and water reabsorption into the
bloodstream. The posterior pituitary gland secretes (ADH),
causing an increased blood pressure.
Explain the "resistance" phase of the Stress Response Theory
Correct Answers Repairing stage, CNS, SNS, & adrenal gland
relax, lowering amounts of Cortisol released.
Heart rate and Blood pressure normalizes.
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic
hypercapnia.
In what disease is hypercapnia seen?
What is the breathing stimulus normally based on? What does it
change to with hypercapnia? Correct Answers
Pathophysiology: Not exhaling fulling, leading to a buildup of
CO2 in the bloodstream. This is seen in patients with COPD.
, Consequences: The respiratory center becomes insensitive to the
CO2 levels and stops relying on it to stimulate breathing.
The breathing stimulus changes to hypoxia (low oxygen levels).
Explain the pathophysiology and consequences of chronic
hypoxia Correct Answers Pathophysiology: Hypoxia stimulates
pulmonary artery vasoconstriction which can develop into
pulmonary hypertension
Consequences: Pulmonary HTN
Explain the pathophysiology of active TB Correct Answers
The tubercle takes up space and stimulates immune response
due to the surround lymph nodes → the bacteria is still
multiplying → macrophages and T cells degrade the bacteria →
releases enzymes to kill it → enzymes damage lung tissue →
necrosis → release of bacteria from tubercle
Explain the pathophysiology of latent TB
Physiologically, what does it cause? Correct Answers Tissue
inflammation occurs from pathogen invasion → stimulates
immune response → bacteria multiplies → pulmonary
macrophages and WBC try to kill bacteria → unable to → cell
mediated response walls off the infection → WBC
accumulation, bacteria, fibrotic tissue is layed down → tubercle
formed → scar tissue eventually forms → gets bigger (called
ghon focus) → calcification can occur called Ranke
