Discussed: Classical conditioning, Pavlov's experiment, Classification of conditioning, Effects of Classical conditioning, Conditioning and fear, Little Albert Experiment, Types of Reinforcement and punishment, Definitions and explanations to vocab words, Notes on articles, and more!
Problem 2
External Forces:
Behaviouristic Approach
Case 1a Learning Goals:
1. What is classical conditioning - how does it work?
Case 1b Learning Goals:
1. How does conditioning affect emotions and behaviour?
Key Words: Little Albert Experiment, Generalisation
Case 2 Learning Goals:
1. What is operant conditioning, and how does it work?
2. Which reinforcement schedule is most effective?
3. Are the effects of punishment and reward the same?
Classical Conditioning: A learning process in which a previously neutral stimulus becomes
associated with another stimulus through repeated pairing with that stimulus. → It is a form
of learning processes whereby a neutral stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus which
leads to a reaction…Neutral stimulus becomes an unconditioned stimulus through
conditioning.
2 Basic Requirements Are Needed:
- Reflex from the unconditioned stimulus
- Unconditioned stimulus need to be associated in time and place with another
stimulus.
Pavlov’s Experiment:
- Initially was measuring the dog's salivation in response to food - any dog will salivate
when food is placed in its mouth.
- Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to salivate at the mere sight of food. - He wanted
to see if the dog could be taught to associate the food with another stimuli; such as
light or tone.
- In the basic experiment, a tube was attached to the dog’s salivary gland so that the
flow of saliva could be measured.
- The salivation is an unconditioned response (UR) : An unlearned response elicited by
the taste of the food.
- By the same token, the food itself is termed: unconditional stimulus (US) : A stimulus
that automatically elicits a response without prior conditioning.
- The researcher can ring a bell in front of the dog. → This is called a neutral stimulus :
because it does not cause the dog to salivate, but it may of course lead to other
responses such as: tail wagging, jumping, and barking.
- Researcher will repeatedly pair the presentation of the food with the bell: First, the
bell is rung and then food is given to the dog. → This is called the conditioning phase
of the experiment.
, - Because of the repeated pairing of bell ringing (initial neutral stimulus) and the food
(unconditioned stimulus), the food has now turned from the neutral stimulus to the
conditioned stimulus (CS). → This is because the sound of the bell now gives
information to the dog that food is coming.
- After a number of paired presentations, the dog will salivate in response to the bell
even if no food is presented.
- → The dog has learned that the two events (food and bell sound) are associated -
the bell has become a conditioned stimulus, cause a conditioned response (CR).
● Unconditioned Response (UR) = Reaction to a stimulus (e.g. saliva of the dog and
reflex)
● Unconditioned Stimulus (US) = Stimulus that are natural and unconditioned (e.g. food
that dog eats)
● Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Stimulus that is first neutral that changes into a
conditioned (e.g. bell)
● Conditioned Response (CR) = Reaction upon a CS
Procedure: Reflex → Neutral stimulus + US → Neutral becomes Conditioned stimulus →
Conditioned response → CS + CR
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