PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM MODULE5
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS ||A+ GRADED
1) HTN has the most immediate effect on: - ANSWER ✔ Afterload
2) Most common cause of Right sided HF - ANSWER ✔ Pulmonary
HTN d/t LHF
3) Oxygenated blood is transported by - ANSWER ✔ Pulmonary
VEINS
4) Cardiac Output (CO) - ANSWER ✔ measurement of the amount
of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart
5) WNL: about 5 L
6) CO equation - ANSWER ✔ CO = HR x SV
7) HR and SV are - ANSWER ✔ inverse
8) slower HR = longer fill time = high SV
9) faster HR = shorter fill time = low SV
10) Stroke volume is determined by - ANSWER ✔ preload,
afterload, contractility
11) Preload - ANSWER ✔ degree of stretch of the cardiac
muscle fibers before contraction (during diastole)
12) Preload is increased by - ANSWER ✔ hypervolemia,
regurgitation of cardiac valves, heart failure
, 13) Preload is decreased by - ANSWER ✔ hemorrhage,
tamponade, dehydration or hypovolemia (blood volume
deficiency)
14) Contractility - ANSWER ✔ Inotropic state
15) determined by Ca+2 and actin myosin
16) Contractility is increased by - ANSWER ✔ sympathetic
stimulation (fever, anxiety, thyroxine), calcium release, and
positive inotropic drugs
17) Heart Failure - ANSWER ✔ condition in which there is an
inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body (CO)
to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen
18) Overtime: ↓ contractility and SV / ↑EDV
19) Left sided HF symptoms - ANSWER ✔ paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure,
pulmonary congestion (cough, crackles, wheezes, blood-tinged
sputum, tachypnea), restlessness, confusion, orthopnea,
tachycardia, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis
20) Right Sided HF symptoms - ANSWER ✔ fatigue, increased
peripheral venous pressure, systemic venous congestion, pedal
edema, jugular venous distension, ascites, hepatic congestion,
enlarged liver and spleen, anorexia/ GI distress, weight gain
21) Cor Pulmonale - ANSWER ✔ right ventricular hypertrophy
and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
22) Contractility is decreased by - ANSWER ✔ Decreased ATP
(d/t dead tissue): ischemia, acidosis, cardiomyopathy
CARDIOVASCULAR EXAM MODULE5
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS ||A+ GRADED
1) HTN has the most immediate effect on: - ANSWER ✔ Afterload
2) Most common cause of Right sided HF - ANSWER ✔ Pulmonary
HTN d/t LHF
3) Oxygenated blood is transported by - ANSWER ✔ Pulmonary
VEINS
4) Cardiac Output (CO) - ANSWER ✔ measurement of the amount
of blood ejected per minute from either ventricle of the heart
5) WNL: about 5 L
6) CO equation - ANSWER ✔ CO = HR x SV
7) HR and SV are - ANSWER ✔ inverse
8) slower HR = longer fill time = high SV
9) faster HR = shorter fill time = low SV
10) Stroke volume is determined by - ANSWER ✔ preload,
afterload, contractility
11) Preload - ANSWER ✔ degree of stretch of the cardiac
muscle fibers before contraction (during diastole)
12) Preload is increased by - ANSWER ✔ hypervolemia,
regurgitation of cardiac valves, heart failure
, 13) Preload is decreased by - ANSWER ✔ hemorrhage,
tamponade, dehydration or hypovolemia (blood volume
deficiency)
14) Contractility - ANSWER ✔ Inotropic state
15) determined by Ca+2 and actin myosin
16) Contractility is increased by - ANSWER ✔ sympathetic
stimulation (fever, anxiety, thyroxine), calcium release, and
positive inotropic drugs
17) Heart Failure - ANSWER ✔ condition in which there is an
inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body (CO)
to supply the tissues and organs with nutrients and oxygen
18) Overtime: ↓ contractility and SV / ↑EDV
19) Left sided HF symptoms - ANSWER ✔ paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure,
pulmonary congestion (cough, crackles, wheezes, blood-tinged
sputum, tachypnea), restlessness, confusion, orthopnea,
tachycardia, exertional dyspnea, fatigue, cyanosis
20) Right Sided HF symptoms - ANSWER ✔ fatigue, increased
peripheral venous pressure, systemic venous congestion, pedal
edema, jugular venous distension, ascites, hepatic congestion,
enlarged liver and spleen, anorexia/ GI distress, weight gain
21) Cor Pulmonale - ANSWER ✔ right ventricular hypertrophy
and heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension
22) Contractility is decreased by - ANSWER ✔ Decreased ATP
(d/t dead tissue): ischemia, acidosis, cardiomyopathy
