PPN 301 MIDTERM WEEKS 4-6
EXAM LATEST UPDATED
what is the process of labour
move the fetus, placenta, and membranes out of uterus through birth canal
when does the process of labour usually begin
37-42 weeks gestation
what does uterus do before labour begins
increased Braxton hicks, cervical ripening, excitability of uterus muscle,
increased contractility, and increased levels of oxytocin
Ferguson reflex
(urge to push) of the uterus after stimulation of the cervix due to increased
oxytocin
what hormones cause cervical ripening
estrogen, relaxin, and prostaglandins
onset and signs and labour
- lightening
- backache, strong Braxton hicks
- vaginal discharge with bloody show
- weight loss of 0.5-1.5 kg
- energy surge
- possible membrane rupture, cervical ripening
- flu-like
true labour signs
,contractions increase in duration, intensity, discomfort radiates from back to
abdomen, contractions are closer together, do not go away with walking, cervix
begins to efface and dilate, show may be present
false labour signs
contractions do not increase in duration, intensity, or closeness, discomfort in
abdomen, may disappear with walking, no show or cervical change
5 P's of labour
power, passageway, passenger, position of mother, and psychological response
powers
contractions
passageway
birth canal
passenger
fetus and placenta
how many types of powers?
two, primary and secondary powers
primary powers
contractions (frequency, duration, intensity), effacement, dilation, and Ferguson
reflex (urge to push)
early effacement
30% of head
complete effacement
100% head is applied to cervix
complete dilation
10 cm, membranes still intact
secondary powers
,bearing down efforts
Bearing down efforts
process of not actively pushing once intense contractions have begun
what does passenger include in pregnancy
fetal presentation, size of head, fetal lie, fetal attitude, fetal position
three main types of fetal presentation
cephalic or vertex, breech, shoulder/transverse
cephalic presentation
head is presenting part
Types of vertex presentation
right occiput anterior, left occiput anterior, right occiput posterior, left occiput
posterior, right occiput transverse, left occiput transverse
Right Occiput Anterior (ROA)
Back of baby's head is facing front and to the mother's right side. (back to moms
front)
left occiput anterior (LOA)
Back of baby's head is facing front and to the mother's left.
what is optimal baby position
anterior as it helps negotiate pelvic curve by head extension
right occiput posterior (ROP)
babys face is facing front and facing towards mothers left and back is towards
right
left occiput posterior (LOP)
babes face is facing front, looking towards mothers right, with back towards left
Right Occiput Transverse (ROT)
, half away between posterior and anterior, babys head is in side profile facing
the left
left occiput transverse (LOT)
half way between posterior and anterior, baby's head is in side profile facing
right
frank breech
The fetal legs are flexed at the hips and extend toward the shoulders, sacrum is
presenting (incomplete breech)
single footing breech
incomplete breech with one leg extended
complete breech
Fetus is sitting with legs crossed, bum is presenting part
shoulder presentation
baby is transverse (horizontal) in uterus with shoulder as presenting part
fetal lie
relationship of axis of fetus to the mother
types fetal lie
longitudinal, transverse, oblique
longitudinal fetal lie
long axis parallel to mother (vertical), cephalic and breech presentations
transverse fetal lie
long axis of fetus is perpendicular to mothers (horizontal)
oblique fetal lie
fetal is at an angle between horizontal and vertical
fetal attitude
relationship of fetal head to its spine
EXAM LATEST UPDATED
what is the process of labour
move the fetus, placenta, and membranes out of uterus through birth canal
when does the process of labour usually begin
37-42 weeks gestation
what does uterus do before labour begins
increased Braxton hicks, cervical ripening, excitability of uterus muscle,
increased contractility, and increased levels of oxytocin
Ferguson reflex
(urge to push) of the uterus after stimulation of the cervix due to increased
oxytocin
what hormones cause cervical ripening
estrogen, relaxin, and prostaglandins
onset and signs and labour
- lightening
- backache, strong Braxton hicks
- vaginal discharge with bloody show
- weight loss of 0.5-1.5 kg
- energy surge
- possible membrane rupture, cervical ripening
- flu-like
true labour signs
,contractions increase in duration, intensity, discomfort radiates from back to
abdomen, contractions are closer together, do not go away with walking, cervix
begins to efface and dilate, show may be present
false labour signs
contractions do not increase in duration, intensity, or closeness, discomfort in
abdomen, may disappear with walking, no show or cervical change
5 P's of labour
power, passageway, passenger, position of mother, and psychological response
powers
contractions
passageway
birth canal
passenger
fetus and placenta
how many types of powers?
two, primary and secondary powers
primary powers
contractions (frequency, duration, intensity), effacement, dilation, and Ferguson
reflex (urge to push)
early effacement
30% of head
complete effacement
100% head is applied to cervix
complete dilation
10 cm, membranes still intact
secondary powers
,bearing down efforts
Bearing down efforts
process of not actively pushing once intense contractions have begun
what does passenger include in pregnancy
fetal presentation, size of head, fetal lie, fetal attitude, fetal position
three main types of fetal presentation
cephalic or vertex, breech, shoulder/transverse
cephalic presentation
head is presenting part
Types of vertex presentation
right occiput anterior, left occiput anterior, right occiput posterior, left occiput
posterior, right occiput transverse, left occiput transverse
Right Occiput Anterior (ROA)
Back of baby's head is facing front and to the mother's right side. (back to moms
front)
left occiput anterior (LOA)
Back of baby's head is facing front and to the mother's left.
what is optimal baby position
anterior as it helps negotiate pelvic curve by head extension
right occiput posterior (ROP)
babys face is facing front and facing towards mothers left and back is towards
right
left occiput posterior (LOP)
babes face is facing front, looking towards mothers right, with back towards left
Right Occiput Transverse (ROT)
, half away between posterior and anterior, babys head is in side profile facing
the left
left occiput transverse (LOT)
half way between posterior and anterior, baby's head is in side profile facing
right
frank breech
The fetal legs are flexed at the hips and extend toward the shoulders, sacrum is
presenting (incomplete breech)
single footing breech
incomplete breech with one leg extended
complete breech
Fetus is sitting with legs crossed, bum is presenting part
shoulder presentation
baby is transverse (horizontal) in uterus with shoulder as presenting part
fetal lie
relationship of axis of fetus to the mother
types fetal lie
longitudinal, transverse, oblique
longitudinal fetal lie
long axis parallel to mother (vertical), cephalic and breech presentations
transverse fetal lie
long axis of fetus is perpendicular to mothers (horizontal)
oblique fetal lie
fetal is at an angle between horizontal and vertical
fetal attitude
relationship of fetal head to its spine
