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BIOL 205 - Comparative Invertebrate Zoology Midterm exam 1 tips questions and answers University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus€13,14
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BIOL 205 - Comparative Invertebrate Zoology
Midterm exam 1 tips questions and answers
University of British Columbia, Okanagan
Campus
,How did Ernst Mayr summarize Darwin's basic
ideas? - answer Mayr proposed that Darwin's theory of natural selection could explain all of
evolution, including why genes evolve at the molecular level. On the stubborn question of how
species originate, Mayr proposed that when a population of organisms becomes separated
from the main group by time or geography, they eventually evolve different traits and can no
longer interbreed. Mayr declared that the development of many new species is what leads to
evolutionary progress
Selection causes new traits to appear in a
population. (explain) - answer Natural selection occurs when advantages traits help some
individuals survive and reproduce more than others. That causes their genes to become more
common in the population over time, and it's the way species evolve to adapt to changes in
their environment
Why is the "ladder" model for thinking about
evolution misleading and wrong? - answer -Evolution produces a pattern of relationships
among lineages that is tree-like, not ladder-like
-Just because we tend to read phylogenies from left to right, there is no correlation with level of
"advancement"
-For any speciation event on a phylogeny, the choice of which lineage goes to the right and
which goes to the left is arbitrary
What is a monophyletic group? - answer group that consists of a single ancestral species and all
its descendants and excludes any organisms that are not descended from that common
ancestor
What is a polyphyletic group? - answer does not include the common ancestor
, What is a paraphyletic group? - answer Includes the most recent common ancestor of the
group, but not all its descendants
Why do biologists want monophyletic groups? - answer They prefer monophyletic groups in
formal classifications because they are the most complete set of groups
What is the idea of parsimony? - answer states that the tree with the fewest common ancestors
is the most likely. An example would be hypothesizing that if two species both have prominent
incisor teeth they also share a single ancestor, rather than that they evolved the trait
independently
jack-knifing - answer a statistical method of numerical resampling based on deleting a portion
of the original observations for each pseudo-replicate. A 50% jackknife randomly deletes half of
the columns from the alignment to create each pseudo-replicate
Bootstrapping - answer the statistical method of resampling with replacement. To apply
bootstrapping in the context of tree building, each pseudo-replicate is constructed by randomly
sampling columns of the original alignment with replacement until an alignment of the same
size is obtained
Syncytial ciliate hypothesis - answer proposes that metazoans arose from an ancestor shared
with the single -celled ciliates. The common ancestor of metazoans acquired multiple nuclei
within a single cell membrane and later became compartmentalized into the multicellular
condition
syncytial - answer a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm that is not separated into cells
asconoid body type in sponges - answer -tubular with a central shaft called the spongocoel
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