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Biology of Cancer Exam #1 Questions with Verified Answers
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Three properties of cancer: - Answer-1) uncontrolled cell division 2) invasion of surrounding tissue 3)metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood) Eight hallmark biological properties of malignant tumor cells: - Answer-1)Acquisition of self-sufficiency in growth signa...

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Biology of Cancer Exam #1 Questions
with Verified Answers
Three properties of cancer: - Answer-1) uncontrolled cell division
2) invasion of surrounding tissue
3)metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood)

Eight hallmark biological properties of malignant tumor cells: - Answer-1)Acquisition of
self-sufficiency in growth signals
2)Loss of sensitivity to anti-growth signals
3)Loss of capacity for apoptosis (cell suicide)
4)Loss of capacity for senescence (aging)
5)Acquisition of sustained angiogenesis (blood vessel growth)
6)Secrete enzymes to digest surrounding tissue that builds metastasis
7) lack of ability to repair genetic errors
8)suppression of the immune system

What steps are not needed in Leukemia development? - Answer-tissue invasion and
displacement to distant sites

Inactivation of a single gene, coding for the P53 protein: - Answer-will cause genomic
instability, evasion of apoptosis and increased angiogenesis

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) - Answer-originate from epithelial cells as
they are the most exposed to carcinogens (skin, linings of intestine and lung,
ductal/secretory tissues of breast, pancreas)

Epithelial cells - Answer-are non-motile, unipolar, oriented, linked up with other epithelial
cells via tight junctions, social, sit on top of a basement membrane

Mesenchymal cell - Answer-full transformation or progression to a highly malignant cell
results in a cell that becomes motile, bipolar, disoriented, anti-social, cell that lacks tight
junctions and moves about freely in the body

Warburg Effect - Answer-- cancer cells use anerobic glycolysis to obtain 2 ATP from
one glucose molecule. Normal cells fully oxidize or "burn" glucose to yield 38 molecules
per glucose

-they do not respire but may be target to kill them ***

Epigenetic modifications - Answer-changes in chromatin (DNA+histones) by histone
acetylases and deacetylases, micro RNA regulation of cell phenotypes. These
modification patterns can be inherited and/or induced in utero by diet

, Cancers that are increasing in frequency: - Answer-Liver cancer, melanoma, kidney and
thyroid.
For some of them, the obesity epidemic may be a factor

Malignant melanoma - Answer-can be a very aggressive and deadly skin cancer, but it
is often caught early before it
spreads and kills.

Melanoma - Answer-a cancer of pigmented epithelial cells, caused by excessive
ultraviolet light exposure in early childhood. Again early detection- any changes in a
mole should be examined immediately

ABC's of Melanoma - Answer-Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter

Actinic keratosis - Answer--a scaly or crusty bump that forms on the skin, also known as
solar keratosis, sun spots, or precancerous spots

- may be a precursor of squamous cell cancer. About 10 to 15 percent of active lesions,
which are redder and more tender than the rest will take the next step and progress to
squamous cell carcinomas

actinic cheilitis - Answer-appears on the lips and can evolve into squamous cell
carcinoma. When this happens, roughly one-fifth of these carcinomas metastasize. This
seldom occurs prior to 60 years of age and the cancer enlarges so slowly and
metastasizes so late that one population study found no deaths and minimal morbidity
from the carcinomas.

Figure 2 " Trends in Death Rates" - Answer-Stomach decreasing incidence=
refrigeration, anti-oxidants.

Uterine decreasing= early detection, Pap smear.

Breast/Colon slight decrease= early detection, education about the role of a high fat/low
fiber diet.

Lung increasing=smoking. Slight decrease in 1990 due to education and decrease in
smoking among men

Neoplasia - Answer-a new growth or swelling (Could be either benign or malignant).

Benign neoplasia - Answer-non-invasive growths, usually encapsulated with fibronectin-
looks like a cacoon. highly differentiated, specialized and well ordered cells with few
mitoses. no tissues sneaking across the natural borders (basement membranes etc.)
between tissues.

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