Type of STI Etiology Epidemiology Symptoms Symptoms (♀) Diagnosis Treatable? Complications Prevention
(♂)
Chlamydia bacterium spread by more infection among similar to gonorrhea in males MALE: urine sample quite curable IF UNTREATED consistent use of a
sexual contact and men (gonorrhea tends to cause FEMALE: cell sample from MALE: condom
infects the genital major sexually transmitted more painful urination) vagina and urine sample - Epididymiti screening programs:
organs infection in the US thin, usually clear discharge s the asymptomatic carriers
adolescent girls: high rate and mild discomfort on infection are identified, treated,
of infection urination can cause and cured so that they do
appearing 7 to 21 days after swelling in not continue to spread
infection the the disease
more female is asymptomatic epididymis - universal
(75%) <-> male: 50% (the tubes - home test kits:
MALE: that carry other STI sas
- pain when urinating sperm from well
- white or watery the testicles) major goal: developing a
discharge from the and the vaccine
tip of the penis testicles. - mice
- burning or itching in This could
affect - technical
the urethra (the tube obstacles
that carries urine out fertility
of the body) - Urethral
- pain in the testicles damage
FEMALE: FEMALE:
- pain when urinating - It can spread
to the womb
- unusual vaginal and cause a
discharge serious
- pain in the tummy or condition
pelvis called pelvic
- pain during sex inflammator
- bleeding after sex y disease
- bleeding between (PID). This
periods is a major
cause of
ectopic
pregnancy
(misplaced
pregnancy)
and
infertility in
women
(NOT
TRUE)
,Human virus -> increases majority asymptomatic: genital warts DNA test can be run on a several treatments for single most important vaccine: almost all
Papillomavirus the risk of certain go away themselves cancer sample of cells from the genital warts risk factor for cervical cases of cervical cancer
(HPV) cancers such as within 2 years cervix to detect the types that - repeated cancer are linked to HPV
cervical cancer and most common sexually are linked to cervical cancers many times - infection
causes genital warts transmitted infection For high risk on anus -> no > warts will - in three shots
44 distinct types of HPV diagnosis developed fall off over a 6-
- some types: For warts: simply by - cryotherapy: month period
cause genital inspecting the warts -> can be warts are - ages 11 to 12
warts and are inside the vagina frozen off - highly
low risk -> do - cream effective
not cause cancer
- can go away - how many
- other types -> on its own types it is
increase the risk against
of cancer: high
risk types
oral sex can transmit HPV:
increased risk of oral
cancer
anal cancer
Genital Herpes disease of genital highly contagious and small, painful bumps or There is no cure Meningitis condoms do not provide
organs caused by a easily spread through blisters around genitals, anus, Drugs prevent or Narrowing of the full protection
herpes simplex virus sexual intercourse and thighs or buttocks reduce recurring urethra due to scarring
- HSV-2 oral-genital sex - bumps/blisters symptoms (difficulty with
caused higher among women typically appear - cream for the urination)
genital majority: asymptomatic within 2-3 weeks of pain Increased risk of
herpes most infectious when they infection Virus continues to live becoming infected
- HSV-1 are having an active - blisters burst: fever, in the body with HIV
caused outbreak headache - may occur Transfer of virus from
cold sores BUT people are infectious unpredictabl mother to infant
even when there is no - usually found on the during childbirth (→
around the vaginal lips, penis, y
mouth outbreak or if they have c-section)
or anus - undergoes 7-
- can be
never been symptomatic
tingling, burning, or itching to 14-day - C-sections
caused by around genitals periods of are therefore
either of Painful urination sores usually
them in women, unusual vaginal performed
transmitted by discharge on women
sexual intercourse HSV-1 infections tend to be with an
and by oral genital less severe outbreak,
sex but vaginal
delivery is
possible if
there is not
an outbreak
, Psychological aspects
HIV | AIDS human immune HIV is transmitted by the Psychological considerations Blood tests that detect the antiviral drugs: can Cervical cancer Condom usage
deficiency virus exchange of body fluids: - denial of reality presence of antibodies to HIV suppress the virus to PrEP: for persons at risk
(HIV) causes Semen, blood, and - anger are easy and cheap to perform the point that it is for HIV
acquired immune possibly secretions of the
- depression - Not accurate until undetectable in the - The use of
deficiency cervix and vagina after antibodies blood, although it is antiretroviral
syndrome (AIDS) spread in four ways Socially stigmatized disease still present at low
form, which takes a drugs to
destroys the body’s - Sexual while levels prevent
natural system of intercourse - Time from initial no cure, but now a infection in
immunity to (vaginal or anal) infection until a test manageable long term people who
diseases - Contaminated can detect the disease are HIV-
VIRUS blood antibodies is called treatment aims negative and
DISEASE (transfusion the “window - stops the are in a high-
when blood is period”—about 30 virus from risk category
not screened) days multiplying, - every day or at
- Contaminated Two ways of doing a blood but they least 4 times a
hypodermic test cannot repair week
needles (risk for - to screen donated the immune Working to develop a
those who inject blood system; vaccine, but it is difficult
drugs and for - to help people - slows the because HIV has many
health care determine whether progression forms and mutates
workers they are infected -> of the disease rapidly
- Infected woman begin medical care - To prevent - People with
to her baby (abstain from sex or opportunistic two copies of
during condom) infections a mutation on
pregnancy or Other tests detect antigens Serious side effects the CCR5
childbirth and antibodies and shorten Sometimes they stop gene appear to
Majority of the cases: the window period to about being effective be resistant to
result from heterosexual 18 days Protease inhibitors HIV infection
transmission Blood tests are more accurate Take a “drug cocktail” Sexual assertiveness
But between man: the than saliva tests of a combination of programs for women ->
leading is homosexual Laboratory tests are more these drugs, called usage of condoms
contact accurate than home tests ART for antiretroviral Education and
Anal intercourse is the None of the currently treatment -> viral prevention programs for
highest risk available tests detect HIV suppression (cannot people of colours
The higher the viral count itself transmit the virus) - elimination of
in the infected person, the - can be needle sharing
greater the rate of achieved - no unsafe
transmission within 6 sexual
oldest of the sexual months practices
diseases
, high among homosexual ART for pregnant
men women -> do not infect
In the early days: men the children
accounted for most cases - Psychological
> changed treatment
Increasing the urgency of - motivational
addressing the needs of interviewing
human with HIV infection - psychotherap
New cases of women with y
HIV infection:
heterosexual contact and - increasing
injection drug use their
Transgender individuals: adherence
increased risk -> trans Postraumatic growth
women are especially at people who experience
risk posttraumatic growth
Children: pediatric AIDS and are optimistic tend
to have higher T cell
- birth from an counts, helping them to
infected mother fight disease
People of colour: higher progression
risk: poverty and lack of
medical access
male: 1 in 10
female: 5 in 10
asymptomatic
Gonorrhea caused by a epidemic occurred during appear 2-5 days after infection MALE: Ceftriaxone is a highly LEFT UNTREATED
bacterium World War I, II -> A thick green or yellow - sample of discharge effective antibiotic MALE: it causes
discovering of penicillin - discharge from the vagina or is examined even against resistant painful infection in the
> resurgence because of penis, pain when urinating - a urine test is also strains testicles and prostate
the birth control pill and, in women, bleeding available Penicilin gland, which may lead
penis in vagina intercourse between periods FEMALE: Problems: resistance to reduced fertility in a
50-80% women: - puslike discharge small number of cases
- cervical discharge
asymptomatic during the - swollen is taken and - inflammatio
early stages of the disease MALE: the gonococcus ns in the
-> be tested annually cultured
invades the urethra, producing prostate
- a urine test is (prostatitis),
urethritis (inflammation of the available
urethra) seminal
- a pelvic exam vesicles
- burning when should also be
urinating (seminal
performed -> pain - vesiculitis),
FEMALE: invades the cervix > PID urinary
- yellow-green and BOTH bladder
irritating to the (cystitis)
, vulva, but it is - a swab from the FEMALE: risk pelvic
generally not heavy throat or rectum inflammatory disease
- inflammation may could be taken and (pelvic pain,
also spread to the cultured if infertility, irregular
urethra, causing necessary menstruation) ->
burning pain on blocking the tubes ->
urination ectopic pregnancy
Nongenital gonorrhea Bartholin glands may
infection: the mouth and become infected
throat, the anus and rectum, - high risk of
and the eyes serious
- sore throat: rectal complicatio
Rectal gonorrhea is contracted ns
through anal intercourse - gonococcus
- common in moves up
homosexual into the
relationship uterus ->
Eyes: erithromycin is put in infects the
every newborn’s eyes to fallobian
prevent any such infection tubes
- left untreated: eyes
become swollen and
painful
- blindness
Syphilis caused by bacterium most common in 2 or 3 weeks after infection - physical first: 2 to 8 weeks
can damage the homosexual men: 93% STAGES examination of the second: few weeks,
nervous system -> not nearly as common in - primary: sore in genitals or other several months
death human as chlamydia or panis or in vagina, parts of the body to treatable even in the
more vulnerable to gonorrhea, but serious aorund the anus, look for growths or late stage -> sometimes
HIV and vice versa effects if left untreated swollen glands rashes caused by not possible to reverse
(chlamydia/gonorrhea: - secondary: bloody, syphilis any damage that’s
discomfort, sterility) red rash, small skin - blood test – this can already been done
this can damage the growths, flu like show whether you Antibiotics: penicillin
nervous system and even symptoms have syphilis or Latent, late, and
cause death have had it in the congenital syphilis
coinfection: the person is - latent require larger doses
- late/tertirary: past
infected with both syphilis For those allergic to
and HIV meningitis, stroke, - swab test – a swab penicillin, the
demential symtoms, (similar to a cotton recommended
heart problems bud) is used to take treatment is
Symptoms are in the other a small sample of tetracycline or
docs fluid from any sore doxycycline, but it
, should not be given to
pregnant women
Hepatitis B 5 types of viral many adults are Abdominal pain Blood tests detect signs of the Antiviral treatment long term hepatitis B vaccine is developed
hepatitis, but asymptomatic Dark urine hepatitis B virus and may cause serious - all teenagers
hepatitis B is the - bodies fight off Fever determine whether it's acute liver disease involving and infants
most important the virus and Joint pain or chronic cirrhosis or cancer shoudl be
virus they will have Loss of appetite - until the rest of - to be
disease of the liver permanent Nausea and vomiting their life: it is vaccinated if
transmitted through immunity Weakness and fatigue positive you are a man
blood, saliva, - early, acute Yellowing of your skin and the Liver ultrasound: A special who has sex
semen, vaginal (short term) whites of your eyes (jaundice) ultrasound called transient with men or a
secretions, and other illness and ENLARGED LIVER: tender elastography can show the heterosexual
body fluids recover from it amount of liver damage man or
- needle - chronic: Liver biopsy: A small sample woman who
sharing continue to be of the liver is removed to has had a
- vaginal infectious and check for liver damage number of
and anal vócan develop partners
intercours cancer
e more contagious
- oral and heterosexual and
anal sex homosexual men
Trichomoniasis caused by the half of all women infected usually develop within a Physical examination Antibiotics IF LEFT
protozoan, parasite are asymptomatic -> it is month of infection Swab test from the vagina or (metronidazole) taken UNTREATED: pelvic
Trichomonas contagious MALE: it may cause penis orally inflammatory disease,
vaginalis some men are discharge from the penis In men, a urine sample can accurate diagnosis problems with birth,
transmitted by asymptomatic - irritation of the also be tested for should be made and increased
sexual intercourse urethra trichomoniasis susceptibility to HIV
organism can FEMALE: it may cause infection
survive for time on abnormal vaginal discharge or
toilet seats -> red blotches on the walls of the
occasionally vagina and on the cervix
transmitted - unpleasant smell
nonsexually
- irritates the vulva
Zika virus virus discovered in rhesus
main risk of monkeys and in humans
catching the disease spread by bodily fluids
is from infected men and women returning
mosquitoes via bites from any area where the
bodily fluids Zika virus is circulating
should practice safe sex
for at least six months to
avoid the risk of spreading
, the disease -> even if there
is no symptom
Pubic Lice tiny lice that attach transmitted by sexual itching in the affected areas, is made by finding the lice or Nix and Rid: both are lay eggs frequently
to the base of pubic contact, but they may also especially at night the eggs attached to the hairs available without and live for about 30
hairs and feed on be picked up from sheets, inflammation and irritation prescription days, but they die
blood from their towels, sleeping bags, or caused by scratching After treatment: put on within 24 hours if they
human host toilet seats blue spots or small spots of clean clothing are taken off a human
resemble a crab blood on your skin, such as on Dry clean clothing host
your thighs or lower abdomen
(caused by lice bites)
Scabies caused by itch-mite very infectious, but it can take up to 8 weeks for use of cream or lotion
(schurft) usually not that serious, the rash to appear that you apply over
but needs treatment the rash usually spreads across your whole body
the whole body: apart from the everyone in the
head household needs to be
intense itching, especially treated at the same time
during the night (even if they do not
have symptoms)
HIV = human immune deficiency virus; AIDS = acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Etiology: indicate the cause of STIs (e.g., bacteria, viruses);
Epidemiology: indicate whether the STI is common or if certain subgroups are at risk. Please note: You do not need to study the numbers by heart.
Symptoms: indicate the symptoms males and females may experience and differentiate between early signs and symptoms that can be experienced in later phases;
Treatable? Indicate whether an STI is curable or not. Please note: You do not need to study the medical drugs (e.g., azithromycin). However, you need to know when antibiotics can
be used.
Complications: describe the complications;
Prevention: how can STIs be prevented?
,
,READINGS SUMMARY – SEXOLOGY
BLOCK 2
WEEK 1
CHAPTER 1 – Sexuality in perspective
(without Race/Ethnicity and Sexuality in the United States as stated in Canvas)
- human sexuality: diverse
o culture
o social contexts
o specific activities
o complex set of motivations
o external factors
o cannot answer all questions
SEX AND GENDER
- gender: Being male, female, or some other gender such as trans
- gender binary: Conceptualizing gender as having only two categories, male and female
- sex: sexual activity and behavior
o different from gender
o how could we define it?
▪ reproductive strategy
▪ heterosexual definitions?
• homosexual sex: oral genital, anal
o Kinsey: sex as behavior that leads to orgasm
o now: sexual behavior will be defined as behavior that produces arousal and
increases the chance of orgasm
THE HISTORY OF UNDERSTANDING SEXUALITY: religion and science
- religion
o provided most of the information
o Greeks
▪ original humans were double creatures -> heterosexual and homosexual
▪ understanding sexual desire and sexual orientation
o Christianity: the person who had wet dreams was considered guilty of sodomy
o Muslims: sexual intercourse is one of the finest pleasures of life, reflecting the
teachings of the great prophet Muhammad
- science
o against the religious belief
o Sigmund Freud: sexual tension and conflict
o began their work in the Victorian area, the late 1800s
, o norms about sexuality were rigid and oppressive
▪ man and women relationships -> dirty man with prostitutes and pure and
innocent women (rearing children)
▪ extreme sexual repression
o wide discrepancy between Victorian sexual norms and actual behavior created a
great deal of personal tension
o Henry Havelock Ellis: he believed that women and men are both sexual creatures
▪ sexual deviations from the norm are often harmless, and he urged society
to accept them
o Richard von Krafft-Ebing: pathological sexuality
▪ concepts of sadism, masochism, pedophilia, and the terms
heterosexuality and homosexuality
o Hirschfeld: sex research institute, large scale sex survey
▪ first journal
▪ special interest: homosexuality
▪ introduced the term: transvestite
o 20th century: massive surveys of human sexual behavior
▪ Masters and Johnson: sexual disorders and sexual response
▪ other cultures’ sexual behavior
▪ interdisciplinary -> humans in all their sexual complexity
MEDIA
- cultivation theory: in communications theory, the view that exposure to the mass media
makes people think that what they see there represents the mainstream of what really
occurs
o students permissive attitudes
- framing theory: the theory that the media draw attention to certain topics and not to
others, suggesting how we should think about or frame the issues
- social cognitive theory: in communications theory, the idea that the media provide role
models whom we imitate -> how the media influence our behavior, thoughts and affect
through modelling, imitation and identification
- may play the same role as religion
o twenty-five percent of scenes contained jokes about sexual organs
o only 7 percent of scenes mentioned any health consequences of sex
- selectivity: In media theories, the principle that people select and pay attention only to
certain media and ignore others.
o consistent with our views
o to our own needs
- reinforcing spiral theory: A theory that one’s social identities and ideologies predict
one’s media use and, in turn, media use affects our identity and beliefs.
- differential susceptibility model: A theory that some people are more susceptible than
others to certain types of media (e.g., violent media).
CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON SEXUALITY
