College aantekeningen
Lectures 11-15 Adolescent Development - Exam 3
- Instelling
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Notes from lectures 11-15 - course Adolescent Development - Exam 3
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Lectures Adolescent Development – Exam 3Lecture 11 Homeless Youth
Movie: Streetwise at you convenience
The main characters:
- Rat, the dumpster diver (13), friends with Jack, an older guy, lives in abandoned hotel
- Tiny (Erin), the teen prostitute (14).
- Shellie, baby-faced, calls mom for money, probably abused by father or stepfather
- Dewayne, the hustler, father in jail
- LuLu, lesbian street commander (15)
- Shadow, playboy, attached to Shellie, mom and dad divorced
- Munchkin & Patti, street couple that have a place of their own
- James, sells blood for money with a fake identification card
- Pimp (Le Mar), constantly recruiting more girls, mom and grand mom try to get him to come home
Other characters: Kim & Dawn
This movie portrays the lives of several teenagers trying to survive on the streets of downtown Seattle, in the
state of Washington in the USA. Although the movie is 30 years old, the lives of these youth are similar to
what homeless youth today still face.
Now (2015 for most; 2020):
- Rat, truck driver, in & out of prison, married, grandfather
- Tiny (Erin), estranged from husband, (almost) drug-free, 10 kids (2015)
- Dewayne, suicide age 16
- LuLu, killed by street kids
- Shadow, construction worker (2006), security guard (2014)
- Munchkin, chef in Seattle
- Patti, died of AIDS
- Kim, married to Navy Seal, 1 child
- Roberta, prostitute murdered by serial killer
- Shellie, James, Le Mar, Dawn ?
4 died before the age of 40
Tiny: Streetwise Revisited – new documentary Tiny 40 years old; struggles with living in poverty; the couple
of the documentary offered her to live with them in New York (go back to school, not live on the street) but she
refused this; they did help her throughout her life.
Homeless Youth: young people between the ages of 12 and 25 who have no regular place to stay
runaways (left home without parent/guardian’s consent); throwaways (kicked out of family home); system kids
(left problematic social service placements, 50%); street kids (those lacking basic shelter). Other facts: there
are some shelters for runaways where kids can go (often younger kids and female); youth are barred from
welfare hotels (hotels where people can live cheaply, no long term contract); 12% left foster care or group
home just before going on the street (age out of foster care system, then left on their own); 90% return home
after a month; 99% return home within 12 months.
Young people’s living situation (ETHOS categories; European Typology of Homelessness and Housing
Exclusion). Housed or not-housed. Not-housed:
- Insecure = temporary with friends/family, not legal, threat of eviction/violence, non-conventional,
temporary homes;
- Houseless = homeless hostel, women’s shelter, children’s institutions, migrant workers accommodation;
- Roofless = street and night shelter (once in a while, can’t/don’t stay their regularly);
- Inadequate = unfit housing, overcrowding (migrant workers accommodation).
Homeless youth in the Netherlands & US
The Netherlands: homeless people in 2018 is 39.300 (population 16.8 million); homelessness has increased by
74% in six years; estimated number of homeless youth: >12.000; 2018: 12.600 young adults (18-30), 70%
are 18-23 years = 8.820; <18 = 3.960 (estimate); 320 beds available in shelters (400) +150 (estimate). A lot
of kids are hiding on the street (for unfortunate circumstances) and don’t want to be reunited with their families
estimating is very problematic.
The United States: homelessness is a serious problem; 564.708 homeless people on a single night (population
319 million); estimated number of homeless youth: 1.3-3 million in a given year.
2018 CBS statistics; different age groups; numbers tripled since 2009; homeless youth make up 30% of all
homeless, tripling of non-western migrant 2009-2018; and a doubling of western youth, and a doubling of
Dutch homeless youth; largest group 16-21 years.
Youth homelessness in Europe on rise. UK 83.000 (16-24 years) used homeless services in 2014
(population 65.6 million); 35.000 in homeless accommodation at any given time; 40% increase in number
sleeping rough in London between 2012 and 2015. Denmark: 85% increase 2009-2015 (N=6000 all ages,
population 5.7 million). NL: 50% increase 2015-2016. Ireland: 90% increase 2011-2016 (N=1686, population
4.8 million). Finland: slight decrease (by providing low cost housing). What systemic factors can account for
this steep rise? An increase or lack of available and affordable housing for people who have lower income.
,Who are they? 70% male (67-75%); 25-33% of homeless females has a child; most between 16 and 21
(58%); ethnic minority/indigenous (33%); sexual minority (20% or more)/LGBTQ; youth exiting care (aged out
of system); youth fleeing violence and abuse at home; youth with experience in the criminal justice system;
newcomer youth (cultural isolation, problems with language/employment); youth with mental health issues.
Societal issues. 2 out of 5 homeless youth form a safety risk to other people physical or verbal threats;
petty crime. 33% have frequent contact with crisis services demand on resources from the society; finding a
balance, getting these youth to be self sufficient and therefore reduce the costs.
3 categories of homeless youth – based on the seriousness and nature of their problems:
1. Mild: a problem in one domain only, they have a good childhood history, and a relatively good connection
to society (work, relations, identity); very little traumatic experiences, low substance use; with assistance
they have high chances of success (‘Utrecht underground’);
2. Serious: problematic home situation; police contact; problematic soft drug use; mild intellectual disability;
high social service use history (e.g. foster care, justice system);
3. Very Serious: problematic home; comorbid psychiatric problems, drug addiction, serious behavior
problems, many traumatic experiences, difficult to handle/treat.
Risk factors for homelessness
Individual characteristics: male (70%); LGBTQ; ethnic minority; addiction; psychological problems; mild
intellectual disability.
Childrearing characteristics: family conflict; physical or sexual abuse at home; emotional abuse or neglect;
disturbed attachment relationships; loss of trust in 1 or both parents; growing up in a foster family; history of
government intervention in home situation (social services; domestic violence).
Family characteristics: absent father; young mother; parental addiction; low educational level of parents;
financial position of parents (cannot support children although by law supposed to until 21; housing, food,
clothing, schooling, medical support).
Education history: bullied; truancy; poor school performance; early school leaving; deviant friends.
Life events: traumatic experience; post-traumatic stress syndrome; behavior problems, depression, and/or
psychosis; drug use and/or frequent alcohol use; limitations in daily functioning (for example disability to
structure life); teen pregnancy/parenthood.
Support for homeless youth poorly organized in NL. Available services are highly fragmented; no
comprehensive shelter and support services for homeless young people (too few beds); funded from diverse
sources therefore criteria for entry varies. Exclusion criteria fierce, they can’t have: serious mental problems;
addiction; undocumented immigration status; health problems requiring considerable physical care; aggressive
behavior; learning problems. No systematic means of documenting number of homeless, who uses shelters or
crisis centers, and the effectiveness of this aid (we assume that it is slowly improving).
Precursors of homelessness: stressful family backgrounds; economic instability; problem behaviors;
residential instability. Most often the precipitating event that leads to leaving home occurs in the family:
physical and sexual abuse; parental substance abuse; irreconcilable differences between parent and child;
frequent moves and unstable housing; neglectful parenting.
What about substance use of the youth? Pathways of homelessness – Mallet et al., 2005. 302 homeless
youth in Melbourne, Australia 107 were drug users. Of those 107, are they using drugs because they are on
the street? Or did their drug problem get them to be on the street. Based on interviews:
So for 57% their drug problem was a precursor to their homelessness (this was rapped up with family conflict).
What about sexual minority youth? Data from The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT)
Homeless Youth Provider Survey, a web-based survey conducted from October 2011 through March 2012.
Designed to assess: (1) experiences of homeless youth organizations providing services to LGBT youth; (2)
prevalence of LGBT youth within the homeless populations being served. In total, 381 respondents completed
at least part of the survey, representing 354 agencies throughout the United States.
75-80% of providers who served clients under age 18 indicated that they are doing family acceptance related
work, compared to 46-51% of providers who work with LGBT clients who were predominantly age 18 or older.
LGBT youth represent between 30 and 43% of those served by drop-in centers (43), street outreach programs
(30) and housing programs (30) = overrepresentation.
, Also a survey about the reasons why LGBT youth are homeless or at-risk of becoming homeless. 1. Ran away
because of family rejection of sexual orientation or gender identity (46%); 2. Forced out by parents because of
sexual orientation or gender identity (43%); 3. Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse at home (32%); 4. Aged
out of the foster care system (17%); 5. Financial or emotional neglect from family (14%).
For organizations that are serving youth age 18 or younger, 70-80% worked on family acceptance; for 18
or older, 50% worked on family acceptance.
Consequences of homelessness
Physical health and safety: higher rates of chronic health problems; lack of health care often results in more
advanced stages of chronic health problems; higher incidence of trauma-related injuries; more nutritional
problems (food deprivation and starvation due to limited accessibility to food, food with poor nutritional quality,
obesity, bad oral health).
Reproductive health:
- Teen pregnancy teen mothers are at higher risk of becoming homeless; compared to the U.S. national
average of 10%, 48% of street youth and 33% of shelter youth have been pregnant or have impregnated
someone; homeless pregnant teens lack adequate health care (increased risk for low birth weight babies
and high infant mortality); homeless teenage girls who are away from home for long periods of time, have
dropped out of school, have a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and/or feel abandoned by their family
are at higher risk of getting pregnant; 10% of shelter/street youth are currently pregnant (may be the
result of sex at an early age, survival sex (Tiny), and/or inconsistent use of birth control);
- HIV/STDs homeless youth have a higher risk of contracting STDs due to survival sex, other risky sexual
behaviors, multiple partners, drug use, and inconsistent condom use; runaway and homeless youth are 6
to 12 times more likely to become infected with HIV than other youth
Mental health and social well-being: greater risk for anxiety, depression, conduct disorder, post-traumatic
stress, drug abuse/addiction and low self-esteem; difficulties attending school because of legal guardianship
requirements, they don’t meet the residency requirements, improper records, and lack of transportation; they
lack job skills to support themselves financially; premature death. The mortality rate in The Netherlands among
homeless people is 3.5 times higher than for the population as a whole; life expectancy is on average 30 years
shorter than for the typical person.
Mortality in a cohort of street youth in Montreal (2004). Objectives: to estimate mortality rate among street
youth in Montreal and to identify causes of death and factors increasing the risk of death. Design, setting, and
population: January 1995 - September 2000, 1013 street youth 14-25 years of age were recruited in a
prospective cohort with semi-annual follow-ups; 26 youth died between assessments mortality rate was 921
per 100,000 person-years of observation, and the SMR for this age group was 11.4. Leading cause of death
for males was suicide, for females drug overdose; 12 of 26 deaths were caused by suicide. Conclusions: factors
associated with death current heavy substance use (injection); current heavy alcohol use; homelessness;
HIV infection.
Loss of social security, education and work.
Deaths among Streetwise Youth. 4 dead among 13 youth followed 1 suicide (Dewayne); 1 street fight
(Lulu); 1 via serial killer (Roberta); 1 AIDS (Patti).
Implications for intervention. Prevention efforts at drug injection; should not just focus on drug use and
mental health issues; increase access to services. Care system for homeless youth – ranges in intensity in
Western-European countries:
1. Outreach programs (street-corner work), where the primary aim is to establish contact. When this contact
is established, the youngsters are encouraged to accept more extensive types of help.
2. Emergency shelters day-care and sleep centers the youngsters can stay during the day or night, take a
shower, wash their clothes, and get meals.
3. Non-residential or outpatient care for practical, physical, emotional help.
4. Residential care, where extensive counseling is provided in housing centers staffed by trained personnel.
Social services. Social services that target homeless adolescents (e.g., drop-in centers or shelters) largely
focus on their subsistence needs (basic things) while not focusing on integrating them back into their home
communities. Newly homeless adolescents (versus street identity) who use services that reduce family conflict
or provide educational assistance would have greater odds of exiting homelessness than their counterparts who
use services that provide for subsistence needs alone. Family acceptance-related work is very important for
LGBT youth. Use of internet and social media to connect with homeless youth (also to maintain contact and
helping these youth bridge back to their home communities).
Staying connected through social media – 3 studies.
First: brief history of the internet and social media:
1969 – internet invented when a connection was made between 2 computers
1970s – CompuServe (business-oriented mainframe computer communication)
1980s – CompuServe expanded email to the public domain
1990s – Yahoo and Amazon and America OnLine (member-created communities)
Phones: 1993-1998 text messaging on mobile (smart) phones; 1999 MP3 music; 2002 some internet, first
camera; 2007 iPhone (true smart phone as we know it).
2002 – Social networking hit stride with Friendster
2003 – LinkedIn/ Myspace
2004 – Facebook at Harvard
2006 – Facebook for general public; YouTube released to public
2007 – Facebook Platform – open for apps – Twitter
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