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Literatuursamenvatting Nieuws en Journalistiek
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Literatuursamenvatting Nieuws en JournalistiekHET NIEUWS EN DE NIEUW(E/S) CONSUMENT
Schudson
Introduction: making news
Journalists not only report reality but also create it.
To say that journalists construct reality in producing the news is not to say that they do so without
constraints. To say that journalists construct the world is not to say they conjure the world. They
work with real people and events. But trough the process of selecting, highlighting, framing, shading,
and shaping what they report, they create an impression that real people take to be real and to
which they respond in their lives.
Journalism still helps construct reality, and no improvement in media ethics, media methods, or any
other social change will alter this basic element of storytelling.
But journalists today operate in a much more complex world of information management.
Journalists deal with a vast number of parajournalists (public relations firms; public information
officers; political spin doctors; publicity staffs of a wide variety of governmental; corporate and
nonprofit institutions).
News as something produces by working people every day is primarily the result of the interaction
between journalists and parajournalists, including especially what journalists themselves call sources.
But the other side of the story is the world the reporters come in contact with, including editors and
publishers, readers or viewers, and the complex set of institutions and presuppositions that make up
the society and culture about which they report.
Journalists manufacture the news.
To say that news report is a story is not to say that it is a fiction.
The news media cover both events that strike everyone as original, and happenings that are routine
and anticipated yet can be framed in a way to qualify as news.
News is what is publicly notable (within a framework of shared understanding that judges it to be
both public and notable).
It is also a machinery of notation, a social institution working within technological, economic, political
and even literary constraints for recording and interpreting various features of contemporary life.
News influences human action undergirds nearly all studies of news.
Just how or to what extent news affects us, however, is a matter of controversy and uncertainty.
Focus on U.S. journalism.
PART 1: JOURNALISM NOW
H1: Defining Journalism
Journalism is the business or practice of regularly producing and disseminating information about
contemporary affairs of public interest and importance.
It is a set of institutions that periodically publicizes information and commentary on contemporary
affairs, normally presented as true and sincere, to a dispersed and usually anonymous audience so as
to publicly include that audience in a discourse taken to be publicly important.
1
,The functioning of journalism is a very broad one: communication, which is the social coordination of
individuals and groups through shared symbols and meanings.
Journalism shares with many institutions a key attribute of modernity: that it has existed for only two
or three hundred years.
News is the product of journalistic activity. We speculate:
- News builds expectations of a common, shared world.
- Promotes an emphasis on and a positive valuation of the new.
- Endorses a historical mentality
- Encourages a progressive rather than cyclical or recursive sense of time.
John Hartley: news as the sensemaking practice of the modernity. And as such, the most important
textual system in the world.
Too ambitious.
But: news has become a dominant force in the public construction of common experience and a
popular sense of what is real and important.
Multiple approaches to defining news:
1. News as a textual system. To take it as a rhetorical form or set of rhetorical forms, a
discursive structure, or a cultural genre within a larger literary and representational culture.
2. News as a manufactured good. The product of a set of social, economic, and political
institutions and practices.
You can’t hold news organizations accountable for news. It is convenient to locate responsibility
somewhere, and it reminds news organizations that they have a serious job to do for which they will
be judged. Still, they sometimes have to work with unyielding materials.
Schudson’s definition of Journalism: information and commentary on contemporary affairs taken to
be publicly important.
However, there is a great deal of material in the news that is interesting but not important.
The focus of this book is news that ouches directly on political affairs, for this is the part of journalism
that makes the strongest claim to public importance.
But what has count as publicly important has changed over time.
PART 2: THE COMPONENTS OF NEWS MAKING
H9: The audience for news
People do many different things with news. Any news consumer has a range of consumption habits, a
large repertoire of the way he finds use and pleasure in news.
The news media do not find and respond to an existing audience; they create one. There is no news
consumer apart from the news. There is no ‘short attention span’ apart from the kind of world that
elicits certain types and qualities of attention.
News is one of the cultural forms that does not require people’s constant concern.
There has been a shift over time in the quality of reading: intensive & extensive.
- Intensive reading: people typically read very few works or even just one work, read it over
and over, memorize it, and assume others are familiar with it.
- Extensive reading: people pick up and put down a work, read and discard a wide variety of
reading materials, read in a cursory rather than devotional fashion, and are more likely to
read for pleasure than for instruction and spiritual well-being.
2
,A move from intensive and extensive modes of reading is coincident with the eighteen-century
development of the noel and the newspaper as widely distributed print genres. These new popular
forms did not displace older ones but were added to them. Devotional reading continued.
Most readers are both intensive and extensive readers. But the cheap and easy availability of
popular, nonreligious forms of print moved the center of gravity in reading from intensive to
extensive.
Berelson: 1945 newspaper strike in NYC
Most people find the newspaper important to follow the serious news of national and international
affairs and that they felt deprived when they were unable to do so. Only half of these could come up
with a specific topic in the world about which they wished they had more information.
A third of respondents overall seemed to miss the newspaper’s coverage of serious political and
economic affairs.
Almost all the respondents missed the newspaper, for a variety of reasons.
- News assisted them in daily living
- News offered a welcome escape from the dullness of everyday life in the richness of its
human interest content and its cheap accessible delivery.
- The news as a resource for entering social conversation.
- Social contact itself- para-social interaction (interacting with characters in the media as if
they were friends or acquaintances).
- Newspaper liked for the pleasure of reading.
- Time filling function of the newspaper.
Ritualistic and near-compulsive attachment to the newspaper. Reading the newspaper at a particular
time of day, often as a secondary activity to accompany eating or travelling to work.
More emotionally unprepared by lack of newspaper instead of informationally unprepared. They
were robbed of the serenity that the news-reading ritual provides.
Journalists assume ‘what interests them typically interests the audience’.
Decline in percentage of people that read the newspaper regularly.
Costera Meijer & Groot Kormelink (2015): Checking, Sharing, Clicking and Linking
Changing patterns of news use between 2004 and 2014
This paper challenges the generally taken-for-granted automatic link between media platforms,
media technology and news user practices. It explores what has changed in people’s news
consumption by comparing patterns in news use between 2004-2005 and 2011-2014.
Introduction
Practices of news consumption are changing at a rapid pace.
Three drastic shifts according to Purcell et al. (2010):
1. From news consumed in fixed places and at fixed times to mobile news consumed at
moments selected by the user.
2. From generalized news to customized news, tailored to the user’s individual desires and
needs.
3. From news consumed passively by users to news to which they actively contribute.
The digitalization of journalism enabled news to evolve from a genre of information into a social
experience.
Need to be critical on the existing research and these bold claims.
3
, We will investigate how news usage orders, controls, organizes and anchors other social and cultural
practices.
Putting news use into words: aim and methodology
Exploring what has changed in people’s news consumption by comparing patterns in news use
between 2004-2005 and 2011-2014.
Objectives:
1. It answers much more precisely than hitherto the question of how news use has changed
due to the digitalization of news and the introduction of social media.
2. It aims to expand and deepen the existing professional and academic vocabulary about
journalism from the perspective of the user.
16 practices of news use are identified:
Reading
Reading is about depth: it is done individually, with great attention, and – when users have enough
time- in longer sessions. Often, reading as a particular practice of news use is less about knowing that
something occurred than about understanding a news event. People read when they feel relaxed and
have time to do it in a concentrated fashion, and they return to it when they have enough time or
feel at ease.
In 2004 reading was mainly used in relation to the use of printed newspapers. 10 years later it has
become less tied to one platform, now also in digital format.
Watching
In terms of intensity, watching news is akin to reading, but also to the active lean-forward spectator
mode of the cinematic experience. The news has your full attention and you do not want to be
disrupted or be bothered by distractive talk in the same room.
In 2004-2005, watching was the default mode. Digital default has made it possible to watch the news
in ways similar to how readers read newspapers. When they watch, they are immersed in the news
and when something else demands attention, they can easily put it down.
Watching the news also has a structural function. But it is no longer limited to one medium.
Aside from fulfilling an informational, ritual and communicative function, reading and watching also
provide a moment of pleasure. They are activities for the connoisseur.
Viewing
10 years ago, the dominant mode of television news consumption was the attentive lean-forward
activity of watching. There is now a need to distinguish watching and the volatile, relaxed, lean-back
mode of viewing.
Viewing refers to the subordination of the activity: news often functions as wallpaper for a main
activity like preparing breakfast or dinner, checking your e-mail of reading the newspaper.
Listening
Users experience listening to news less as an activity in its own right than as part of a more general
experience. Listening is done less actively than reading or watching, and is more akin to viewing:
content matters, but more important are the entertainment and companionship it offers, and the
feeling of being connected to the outside world.
Checking
Checking as habitual activity is about finding out – as efficiently as possible – whether something new
and interesting has happened.
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