ATPL THEORY
Instruments - Complete Summary
,Table of Contents
Basic instruments 5
The basic T 5
Temperature 5
Time measurement 7
Accelerometers 7
Pressure 8
Pitot static system 9
Altimeters 10
Simple altimeters 10
Sensitive altimeters 10
Servo-assisted altimeters 10
ADC driven systems 11
Units and accuracy 11
Errors 11
Line blockages and leaks 11
Altimeter pressure settings 12
Density altitude 12
Vertical Speed Indicator 12
Simple VSI 12
Instantaneous VSI’s (IVSI) 13
Other systems 13
Displaying the information 13
Errors and blockages 13
Measuring Air Speed 14
Air speed indicators 14
Errors 14
Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) 15
Coloured markings 15
Pitot static blockages and leaks 16
Pitot blockages and leaks 16
Measuring Mach 16
The Mach-meter 16
Errors 16
ECTM 17
Air Data Computer 17
Compass and errors 18
Direct reading compass 18
Gyroscopes 19
Rigidity 19
Precession 19
Gimbals 19
Classification 19
Gyroscopic wander 20
Rate gyros 21
Rate integrating gyros 21
Ring laser gyros 22
Principle of operation 22
2
, Real wander 22
Measuring turn rates 22
Turn indicator 22
Turn coordinator 23
Measuring attitude 23
Attitude indicators 23
Air driven gyro erection 24
Electrically driven attitude indicators 24
Servo driven attitude indicators 25
Vertical gyros and the AHR’s 25
Gyroscopes 26
Directional gyros 26
DI Errors 26
DI Drift calculations 27
Remote reading compass and errors 28
Remote reading compasses 28
Indications 29
System errors 30
IRS and INS 30
Inertial Navigation Principles 30
Alignment and levelling 31
Latitude and longitude 31
Navigation 31
Controls and indicators 33
INS – normal operation 33
Stable platform configuration 34
Wander angle INS 35
Inertial system errors 35
Schuler tuning 35
Power failure 36
Accuracy 36
Modern types 36
Computing trihedron 36
IRS errors 37
IRS outputs and inputs 37
Modern navigation 37
Flight Management Systems 37
The navigation database 38
The performance database 38
LNAV and VNAV 38
Cost management 39
FMS inputs 39
FMS outputs 39
FMC Use 39
Navigation display 40
Waypoints, either: 40
Changing the routing 41
EFIS 41
3
, EFIS components 41
Datalinks 43
Automatic flight 45
Autopilot 45
Loops 45
Gain variation 46
Flight envelope protection 47
Trim systems 47
4
Instruments - Complete Summary
,Table of Contents
Basic instruments 5
The basic T 5
Temperature 5
Time measurement 7
Accelerometers 7
Pressure 8
Pitot static system 9
Altimeters 10
Simple altimeters 10
Sensitive altimeters 10
Servo-assisted altimeters 10
ADC driven systems 11
Units and accuracy 11
Errors 11
Line blockages and leaks 11
Altimeter pressure settings 12
Density altitude 12
Vertical Speed Indicator 12
Simple VSI 12
Instantaneous VSI’s (IVSI) 13
Other systems 13
Displaying the information 13
Errors and blockages 13
Measuring Air Speed 14
Air speed indicators 14
Errors 14
Calibrated Air Speed (CAS) 15
Coloured markings 15
Pitot static blockages and leaks 16
Pitot blockages and leaks 16
Measuring Mach 16
The Mach-meter 16
Errors 16
ECTM 17
Air Data Computer 17
Compass and errors 18
Direct reading compass 18
Gyroscopes 19
Rigidity 19
Precession 19
Gimbals 19
Classification 19
Gyroscopic wander 20
Rate gyros 21
Rate integrating gyros 21
Ring laser gyros 22
Principle of operation 22
2
, Real wander 22
Measuring turn rates 22
Turn indicator 22
Turn coordinator 23
Measuring attitude 23
Attitude indicators 23
Air driven gyro erection 24
Electrically driven attitude indicators 24
Servo driven attitude indicators 25
Vertical gyros and the AHR’s 25
Gyroscopes 26
Directional gyros 26
DI Errors 26
DI Drift calculations 27
Remote reading compass and errors 28
Remote reading compasses 28
Indications 29
System errors 30
IRS and INS 30
Inertial Navigation Principles 30
Alignment and levelling 31
Latitude and longitude 31
Navigation 31
Controls and indicators 33
INS – normal operation 33
Stable platform configuration 34
Wander angle INS 35
Inertial system errors 35
Schuler tuning 35
Power failure 36
Accuracy 36
Modern types 36
Computing trihedron 36
IRS errors 37
IRS outputs and inputs 37
Modern navigation 37
Flight Management Systems 37
The navigation database 38
The performance database 38
LNAV and VNAV 38
Cost management 39
FMS inputs 39
FMS outputs 39
FMC Use 39
Navigation display 40
Waypoints, either: 40
Changing the routing 41
EFIS 41
3
, EFIS components 41
Datalinks 43
Automatic flight 45
Autopilot 45
Loops 45
Gain variation 46
Flight envelope protection 47
Trim systems 47
4
