Grand Tour
Developed in the 18th century
• Several nationalities undertook Grand Tours → British, French, Germans, Russians
• 17th century → Grand Tour took 3 years
• 19th century → Grand Tour took 6 months
• Grand Tour itineraries often influenced by travel literature → Nugent’s Grand Tour
book
• Tourists wished to see particular times of the year
Domestic flights: no longer than km or 1,5 hours in length. The destination airport
must be in the same country as the departure airport.
Short-haul flights: flights under 3 hours in length.
Medium-haul flights: flights between 3 and 6 hours.
Long-haul flights: journeys typically made by widebody aircrafts that involve long distances
beyond 6,5 hours in length and often are non-stop flights.
Inbound tour operator: makes travel arrangement for arriving tourist, incl. hotel
reservations, tours of the area, airport transfers, meals etc.
Outbound tour operator: makes arrangements for people who are going somewhere else.
Inelastic demand: situation in which the demand for a product does not increase or
decrease correspondingly with a fall or rise in its price.
Porter’s 5 forces model: identifies and analyses 5 competitive forces that shape every
industry and helps determine an industry’s weaknesses and strengths.
1. Competitive rivalry
2. Threat of entry
3. Threat of suppliers
4. Power of buyers
5. Power of suppliers
Pestel: analyses of the macro environment; political, economic, social, technological,
environment and legal factors.
,Mentor role by Quinn:
1. Understanding self and others
2. Communication effectively
3. Developing subordinates
Facilitator role by Quinn:
1. Building teams
2. Using participative decision making
3. Managing conflict
Monitor role by Quinn:
1. Monitoring individual performance
2. Managing collective performance
3. Managing organizational performance
Vertical thinking: approach to problem that usually involves one being selective analytical
and sequential.
Lateral thinking: solving problems through an indirect and creative approach using
reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by
using step-by-step logic.
Team building process: forming of the group, conflict within the group, cooperation,
performing, separation.
PPP: People, planet, profit
How can you involve the audience in a presentation: by making eye contact.
Butler’s lifecycle stages: exploration, involvement, development consolidation stagnation
→ rejuvenation or decline.
Stages learning cycle:
1. Engage
2. Explore
3. Explain
4. Extend
5. Evaluate
,Strategies of Ansoff’s matrix:
• Market penetration: the firm seeks to achieve growth with existing products in
their current market segments, aiming to increase its market share.
• Market development: the firm seeks growth by targeting its existing products
to new market segments.
• Product development: the firm develops new products targeted to its existing
market segments.
• Diversification: the firm grows by diversifying into new businesses by
developing new products for new markets.
Difference between research & journalism: journalism is a less specific form of research.
Journalism: things that were previously know are made known.
Research: Specific aspect and aims at advancing human knowledge.
Tourism impacts: perception, attitude, behaviour
Descriptive research: focus on finding and describing information.
, SMART: is used to set objectives, often called Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s)
• S = specific
• M = measurable
• A = attainable (action)
• R = relevant (result)
• T = timely
__________________________
• E = evaluate
• R = re-evaluate
• S = satisfactory
Doxey’s Irridex model:
• Euphoria: visitors are welcome and there is little planning.
• Apath: visitors are taken for granted and contract becomes more formal.
• Annoyance: saturation is approached and the local people have misgivings.
Planners attempt to control via increasing infrastructure rather than limiting
growth.
• Antagonism: open expression of irritation and planning is remedial yet
promotion is increased to offset the deteriorating reputation of the resort.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: pattern that human motivation generally move through:
• Physiological (health, food & sleep)
• Safety (shelter, removal from danger)
• Love / belonging (love, affection & being part of groups)
• Esteem (self-esteem, esteem from others)
• Self- actualization (achieving individual potential)
Developed in the 18th century
• Several nationalities undertook Grand Tours → British, French, Germans, Russians
• 17th century → Grand Tour took 3 years
• 19th century → Grand Tour took 6 months
• Grand Tour itineraries often influenced by travel literature → Nugent’s Grand Tour
book
• Tourists wished to see particular times of the year
Domestic flights: no longer than km or 1,5 hours in length. The destination airport
must be in the same country as the departure airport.
Short-haul flights: flights under 3 hours in length.
Medium-haul flights: flights between 3 and 6 hours.
Long-haul flights: journeys typically made by widebody aircrafts that involve long distances
beyond 6,5 hours in length and often are non-stop flights.
Inbound tour operator: makes travel arrangement for arriving tourist, incl. hotel
reservations, tours of the area, airport transfers, meals etc.
Outbound tour operator: makes arrangements for people who are going somewhere else.
Inelastic demand: situation in which the demand for a product does not increase or
decrease correspondingly with a fall or rise in its price.
Porter’s 5 forces model: identifies and analyses 5 competitive forces that shape every
industry and helps determine an industry’s weaknesses and strengths.
1. Competitive rivalry
2. Threat of entry
3. Threat of suppliers
4. Power of buyers
5. Power of suppliers
Pestel: analyses of the macro environment; political, economic, social, technological,
environment and legal factors.
,Mentor role by Quinn:
1. Understanding self and others
2. Communication effectively
3. Developing subordinates
Facilitator role by Quinn:
1. Building teams
2. Using participative decision making
3. Managing conflict
Monitor role by Quinn:
1. Monitoring individual performance
2. Managing collective performance
3. Managing organizational performance
Vertical thinking: approach to problem that usually involves one being selective analytical
and sequential.
Lateral thinking: solving problems through an indirect and creative approach using
reasoning that is not immediately obvious and involving ideas that may not be obtainable by
using step-by-step logic.
Team building process: forming of the group, conflict within the group, cooperation,
performing, separation.
PPP: People, planet, profit
How can you involve the audience in a presentation: by making eye contact.
Butler’s lifecycle stages: exploration, involvement, development consolidation stagnation
→ rejuvenation or decline.
Stages learning cycle:
1. Engage
2. Explore
3. Explain
4. Extend
5. Evaluate
,Strategies of Ansoff’s matrix:
• Market penetration: the firm seeks to achieve growth with existing products in
their current market segments, aiming to increase its market share.
• Market development: the firm seeks growth by targeting its existing products
to new market segments.
• Product development: the firm develops new products targeted to its existing
market segments.
• Diversification: the firm grows by diversifying into new businesses by
developing new products for new markets.
Difference between research & journalism: journalism is a less specific form of research.
Journalism: things that were previously know are made known.
Research: Specific aspect and aims at advancing human knowledge.
Tourism impacts: perception, attitude, behaviour
Descriptive research: focus on finding and describing information.
, SMART: is used to set objectives, often called Key Performance Indicators (KPI’s)
• S = specific
• M = measurable
• A = attainable (action)
• R = relevant (result)
• T = timely
__________________________
• E = evaluate
• R = re-evaluate
• S = satisfactory
Doxey’s Irridex model:
• Euphoria: visitors are welcome and there is little planning.
• Apath: visitors are taken for granted and contract becomes more formal.
• Annoyance: saturation is approached and the local people have misgivings.
Planners attempt to control via increasing infrastructure rather than limiting
growth.
• Antagonism: open expression of irritation and planning is remedial yet
promotion is increased to offset the deteriorating reputation of the resort.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: pattern that human motivation generally move through:
• Physiological (health, food & sleep)
• Safety (shelter, removal from danger)
• Love / belonging (love, affection & being part of groups)
• Esteem (self-esteem, esteem from others)
• Self- actualization (achieving individual potential)
