Epidemiology

What is osteopenia? correct answer: Unusually low bone mass that leads to osteoporosis What is osteoporosis? correct answer: A disease characterized by abnormal bone loss When and how is osteoporosis detected? correct answer: - In 990-970 BC - Bone mass is measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) or CT scan What is the most common method of detection? correct answer: DEXA or CT scan What are the anatomical sites used during detection? correct answer: lumbar spine, pr...

Epidemiology correct answer: Cornerstone of public health Focuses on the distribution and causes of disease (in time and place) in human populations and on developing and testing ways to prevent and control disease Tries to determine cause and effect If we understand a disease/what causes it/risk factors, then we should be able to figure out how to prevent it Population science To implement prevention, we must understand causation Epidemiologic Transition correct answer: The trans...

Confounding correct answer: A factor that is connected to two other factors that makes the other two factors appear related even though they are not; distort the apparent relationship between the exposure and the outcome Comparing populations correct answer: Combining two population frequencies into a single summary parameter to estimate the association between exposure and disease Relative risk correct answer: A ratio of disease frequencies for two populations, which indicates how much...

Case-Control design for exposure and outcome study base Study basis is determined by following up retrospectively Four Case-control study steps after determining exposure and outcome study base 1.Find cases 2.Match for control 3.Measure exposure late odds ratio Who are the cases and controls Cases: people with outcome Control:representative of all persons with out disease in population Exaggerating effect size (relative vs absolute risk) Relative risk reduction: makes effect size seem...

A disease transmitted through a mosquito bite is an example of ______ transmission. Active Passive Direct Indirect correct answer: Indirect In an outbreak investigation, which of the following measures might be calculated? Attack rate Case-fatality rate Relative risk All of the above correct answer: All of the above Concerning a host during an epidemic, which is NOT true? The infectious agent grows inside the host The host need not be human The host is always infected ...

Broncoville has a population of 100,000. In 2011, there 1,000 deaths in the population from all causes. There were 300 cases of tuberculosis (TB) identified. In 2011, 110 people died of TB. What is the cause-specific mortality rate per 1,000 population? correct answer: 1.10 TB deaths per 1,000 population in 2011 All proportions are ratios, but not all ratios are proportions. correct answer: True In a recent study of dental erosion in 5-year-old children, 202 healthy school-attending chil...

mortality rate correct answer: Total no of deaths from all causes in year/No of persons in the population at midyear *time must be specified* cause specific mortality rate correct answer: - limiting the rate of death to a certain disease - No of deaths from lung cancer in one year/ No of persons in the population at midyear case-fatality rate correct answer: - % of people who have a certain disease die within a certain time after diagnosis - measure severity of the disease - No of i...

How should you report a calculated period prevalence = 0.0074 for multiple sclerosis? The data were collected over 3 years. Report the 3-year period prevalence. correct answer: The prevalence of multiple sclerosis over 3 years was 0.74%. Epidemiology is the study of the [1________________] and [2_________________] of disease, health, disability, and injuries in [3________________]. correct answer: 1. distribution 2. determinants 3. populations Temperatures below 20°C (68°F) effectiv...

A map displaying the geographic distribution of disease is called a correct answer: Spot map An epidemiologist receiving routine disease reports from a network of physician offices and laboratories and maintaining a database of these reports would be correct answer: Public Health Surveillance A case definition should be correct answer: Carefully crafted to include all potential cases, but not so vague as to include individuals suffering from "other" diseases The hallmark feature of...