BIOL 2238

Messages within the cell are sent via signaling pathways. Signaling pathways may originate at a neuronal synapse which may then transmit the signal to any cell within the body via hormones. Hormones then bind cell surface receptors which trigger a signal cascade mechanism within the cell. The specific protein kinases and receptors, as well as the final action upon the cell are discussed in detail in this document. There are three major types of receptors within cells including ion-channel re...

This document gives a detailed explanation of the process of creating a protein and how it is sorted within the cell to its precise location to perform its designated function. It is commonly known that DNA is transcribed into mRNA which is then translated into a peptide sequence via a ribosome. After this, the protein must be sent to its respective location within the cell whether that be to remain in the cytoplasm, be transported to a chloroplast, mitochondria, the ER, Golgi, peroxisome, or ...

This document explains the steps of the electron transport chain (ETC) and the Kreb's Cycle, as well as the number of ATP and electron carriers produced and used by each process in the cell's metabolic processes.