preload - degree of stretch (volume of blood) of the ventricular muscle fibers at the end of diastole (when filling volume is the greatest). the higher this is the stronger the contraction preload - increased by blood transfusions, IV fluids, hypervolemia, regurgitation preload - decreased by hemorrhage, diuresis, dehydration, vasodilation afterload - resistance to ejection of blood from the ventricles afterload - increased by htn and vasoconstriction afterload - decreased by nitroglyceri...

Gi disorders may result in - -fear of eating -excessive or delayed motility -maldigestion -diarrhea -constipation -steatorrhea gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) - -symptoms of heartburn -reflux of the stomach contents into the esophagus and mouth -severity classifications: based on presence of erosive disease -incidence: 18-28% of North American population presentation of GERD - -discomfort during or after eating -nocturnal GERD: associated with severe esophagitis and barret esop...

contractility - strength of contraction -how effective is heart at squeezing blood out improving contractility - BP is low-> give catelcholamines depressing contractility - BP is high-> beta blockers preload - degree of stretch at END of diastole (relax so filling) -higher stroke volume= more blood returning to heart afterload - resistance of ejecting blood out from ventricle s -more resistance- less stroke volume -vessels dilated- less resistance- easier to leave heart increasing...

DISC assessment tool - recognize people's personalities goals of IV therapy - -to maintain or prevent fluid and electrolyte imbalances -administer continuous or intermittent solutions or medications -replenish blood volume -assist in pain management ___________ solutions have the same osmolarity as body fluids; can cause increased risk for fluid overload - isotonic _________ solutions can exacerbate the hypotensive state. FLUID FROM BLOOD VESSELS INTO CELLS AND TISSUE; - hypotonic wh...

Rhinitis - inflammation and irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose. Often coexists with other respiratory disorders. Medications for rhinitis - antihistamines, brompheniramine/pseudoephedrine, cromolyn, oral decongestants, saline spray, ipratropium, intranasal corticosteroid, leukotriene modifiers and immunoglobulin E. Antihistamines - most common treatment for sneezing, pruritis and rhinorrhea. Used to treat rhinitis. brompheniramine/pseudoephedrine/dextromethorphan - combo of a...

What does the SA node initiate - - P wave (if none, SA not responsible for electrical conduction) (atrial depolarization) What does the QRS complex represent? - ventricular depolarization (vent contraction) (none=no pulse) (don't see atrial repolarization but it occurs, as it is not the strongest thing to occur) What does the U wave indicate? - indicates hypocalemia, not conductio issue it would be seen with electrolyes (digoxin) Is it normal to not see part of the Q, R, or S complex - -...

The nurse is assisting a patient who has been admitted with severe abdominal pain. Suddenly, the patient vomits a large amount of emesis that looks similar to coffee grounds. Which action by the nurse is a priority? Ask the patient about the timing of the last meal. Offer the patient sips of water to prevent dehydration. Monitor the patient for any further episodes of nausea and vomiting. Notify the primary health care provider about the patient's condition. - Notify the primary health c...

Signs and symptoms of left-sided heart failure - SOB, dyspnea, cough, difficulty lying down Signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure - Systemic edema in the feet and ankles, abdominal edema, weight gain, distended jugular veins The patient has a what diagnosis of heart failure with a New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification of IV - Severe heart failure If edema had a loss of 1L of fluid how many pounds is that - 2.2 pounds Stages of heart failure - ABCD - A: no symptoms but...